Studied by 36 people
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intersectionality
How a person's various social identities mix together and cross to create unique experiences and effects
The feminization of poverty is particularly acute among families headed by
Hispanic and Black women
Disability Status
People who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual, or sensory impairments which may hinder their full and effective participation in society
Autism
A developmental disorder that impairs the ability to
communicate and interact
Matrix of Domination
refers to the overall organization of power in society
Four main domains of power
structural, cultural, disciplinary, interpersonal
structural domain
focuses on the structures in our society and how they organize power
ex. institutional structures
disciplinary domain
manages power and oppression
ex. registering a car
cultural domain
legitimizes (makes it legitimate or real) power and oppression.
ex. driving on opposite sides of the road
interpersonal domain
deals with everyday interactions and how power plays out or thought about
ex. pulled over by a police officer
culture
the values, social norms, language, and symbols they use to construct how they see the world
beliefs
things you believe are true
values
abstract ideals, things that you prioritize
norms
rules on how to behave
ex. forming lines at stores
cultural universals
Values or modes of behavior shared by all human cultures
ex. marriage
subcultures
subgroups within societies that have distinct cultural ideas, objects, practices, and bodies
countercultures
challenge the meanings and norms that exist in society
ex. feminists
Capital
term for anything that gives the owner value or advantage
Different types of capital
financial, social, human, cultural
cultural capital
cultural knowledge that gives you status and power
ex. things you own
nature
Who a person is determined by biological factors
(e.g., genetics, brain chemistry, etc.)
nurture
Who a person is is determined by their social
environment
socialization
the lifelong learning process by which we become members of our cultures and learn beliefs, values, and norms
primary socialization
during childhood and infancy
secondary socialization
begins after childhood and continues for life.
social reproduction
how societies reproduce themselves
resocialization
the process whereby people learn new rules and norms upon entering a new social world
desocialization
the process whereby people unlearn rules and norms upon exiting a particular social world
total institutions
setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society for a specific period of time and under tight control
agents of socialization
groups of social contexts where processes of socialization take place
social interaction
The process where people act and react in relation to each other
social status
The position a person occupies in a social group based on honor or prestige
ascribed status
A status that was assigned to a person, typically at birth or later on in life
ex. something they have no choice in, like gender
achieved status
A status that is achieved or earned (with at least some effort)
ex. occupation
master status
A status or identity that overpowers all other identities
ex. race
social roles
the expected behaviors of people occupying particular social status or position
role conflict
When different status and roles create different opposing demands
•For example: being a parent and being a worker
role strain
When roles in a single status create conflict
•For example: being a parent and needing to cook (caregiver) versus playing with your kids (being attentive)
impression management
efforts to control how we are perceived by others
face
the esteem in which an individual is held by others
facework
individuals' effort to present themselves or others as honorable and worthy of esteem
losing face
losing composure
saving face
recovering from losing composure
Dramaturgical theory
the view of social life as a metaphorical theater performance, in which we are all actors with roles, scripts, costumes, and sets
backstage
actions not made for public consumption
frontstage
actions made for public consumption
medical sociology
concerned with studying the social causes and consequences of health and illness
social determinants of health
The non-medical factors that influence health outcomes
ex. education, food and water, economic stability
Psychological approach
looks to the mind, thinking and cognition
Psychoanalytic model
mental illness is caused by unconscious conflicts within an individual's mind
Cognitive behavioral model
in between a triggering event and mental illness are cognitive processes of interpretation and their associated behaviors and this is where treatment should be focused
sociological approach
looks outside the individual to how social forces can affect mental health
Social stress model
looks to social forces to understand both the stressors an individual might face, as well as the coping resources they might have at their disposal
medicalization
The process by which problem or issues not traditionally seen as medical come to be framed as such
ex. infertility
Demedicalization
The process of which some aspects of social life are no longer medicalized
ex. homosexuality
Social etiology approach
look for the source of particular mental health issues or disorders in the social arrangements of society
social consequences
illness is the starting point, explores the consequences of illness – both for the individual and for society
labeling theory
suggests that labels can change the way an individual views themselves, leading to changes in their behavior
stigma
Any attribute that reduces an individual from a whole and usual person to one who is tainted and discounted
public stigma
negative or discriminatory attitudes the public carries about mental illness
ex. calling a mentally ill person crazy
self stigma
directed inwards, worries and anxieties
ex. feeling like a burden
institutional stigma
when prejudice and discrimination become embedded in law and the practices of institutions
ex. lower funding for mental illness
Contact hypothesis
suggests that contact under appropriate conditions can reduce prejudice between majority and minority group members
Structural functionalism
theory that every aspect of society serves a function and promoting stability and solidarity for society as a whole
sick role
The social rights and obligations of an individual who is ill
social deviance
any transgression of socially established norms
social norms
rules and expectations within a society
ex. saying thank you
Mores
Moral norms, meaning they have an element of right and wrong
◦ Ex: Stealing, Murder
Folkways
Norms of etiquette that are not very serious if broken
◦ Saying please and thank you
Taboos
Norms about something that is seen as excessively repulsive, offensive, sacred, or allowed only for certain people
◦ Ex: Cannibalism, incest
Formal deviance
Deviance that breaks the law
• Ex. Murder
Informal deviance
Deviance that does not break the law but contravenes social norms
• Ex. Picking your nose in public
Social Control
mechanisms that lead individuals to comply with group norms
Sanctions
reactions by others aimed at promoting conformity
Informal sanctions
often applied by one's peers or other members of society, usually unwritten rules
Formal sanctions
enforced by individuals or organizations with official statuses, such as teachers, police, judicial authorities, etc.
Safer Streets Campaign
focuses on punishing people for small infractions as a way to deter crime
Outreach policing
focuses on helping people avoid crime by treating root causes
Panopticon
Allows all prisoner of an institution to be observed by a single security guard, without the inmates knowing whether or not they are being watched
Division of Labor
specialization of work tasks
Economy
The social institution responsible for organizing the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services
Goods
commodities ranging from necessities to luxuries
Services
activities that benefit others
Capitalism
A political and economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and wealth
Socialism
A political and economic system that focuses on partial social ownership of the means of production and wealth
Communism
A political and economic system based on the people or workers owning the means of production and sharing in the wealth it produces
Four Adaptations of Strain Theory
Conformity, Innovation, Ritualism, Retreatism, Rebellion
Conformity
Social standards and value and typical means of achieving those standards
Ritualism
No social standards/values, typicall means of achieving those standards
Retreatism
No social standards or typical means
Rebellion
No social standards or typical means
Innovation
social standards and value, no typical means
human capital
the economic value of a worker's experience and skills.
ex. education
financial capital
the accumulation of wealth
ex. investments
social capital
a set of shared values or resources that allows individuals to work together in a group to effectively achieve a common purpose
ex. asking someone to borrow their car in a pinch.
Note 
Flashcard (36)