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What is the Doctrine of Affections
Expressing emotion was at the core of baroque aesthetic. Each movement was a different emotion
Difference between prima and seconds practica
Prima - followed counterpoint rules. Seconda - broke the rules of counterpoint and allowed writing whatever was wanted
List of new trends in the Baroque era
Basso continuo decelopement of tonality and tempo
What is Meter
Hierarchy of beats
What era did Meter, Tempo and Dynamic markings, and Tonality develop?
Baroque
What was the dominant area during the Baroque era?
Italy
What Era did Opera Begin in
Baroque
How did opera change when it became a public art form?
Performers started becoming more popular people so people would come to see those performers and would only be works being liked and wanted to see
In the early Baroque, a ________________ had the simple definition of “a piece to be sung” vs. a sonata which was “a piece to be played.”
Contata
A ________________ is a specific type of oratorio with the subject of Jesus’ crucifixi
Passion
11. What is recitative and why was it necessary for the development of opera?
Mimics the natural rhythm and inflection of speech and was used as an endless seam of music
Who wrote the first full scale opera
Monteverdi - orfeo
What is basso continuo?
Bassline made from a figured bass notation at the bottom
6. What is a realization?
completion or interpretation of unfinished or partially notated music, often involving improvisation or filling in missing parts.
What is absolute music? (Look up in glossary, p. A9)
Music with no story or meaning. Just music
What is chamber music? (p. 236)
Music set for a small amount of performers (usually one per part)
What is a canzona? (Look up in glossary, p. A11
Instrumental sectional piece
What is a sonata da chiesa? (Look up in glossary, p. A21; p. 231)
Church sonata, 4 mvts, slow fast slow fast, walking bassline
What is a sonata da camera? (Look up in glossary, p. A21; pp. 231-232)
Chamber sonata, not religious, dance movements, binary form,
What is a trio sonata? (Look up in glossary, p. A23; p. 230)
big in baroque, loved conversation. between two similar instruments, tempo given from walking bassline,
What is figured bass? (Look up in glossary, p. A14)
Numbers under bass line to show inversion
What is ornamentation? (Look up in glossary, p. A18; pp. 234-235)
A way to alter music by adding mordents, trills, or turns.
Name several important sonata composers? (See heading on p. 230; p. 236)
Bach, Scarlatti, and Corelli
What is a walking bass? (Look up in glossary, p. A24; p. 230)
when a bass “walks” down step wise
Differentiate between urtext and edited editions.
Urtext was when the music was as it was originally written and editied is altered with publishing
What is a collegium musicum? (Look up in glossary, p. A12; pp. 236-237)
A group of college musicians who woudl get together and perform music for fun
Describe/outline the form of a da capo aria?
ABA, but second A was big on ornamentation
Describe French Overture style. How is the music notated differently from its performance?
All notes are double dotted
What is the name of seventeenth-century French opera?
tragédie en musique
In Tragédie lyrique, what are divertissements?
musical and dance interludes
Who was Lully?
A french composer of opera
What is a ground bass? Provide an example from the Listening List.
A repeating bassline in a piece. “When I am laid in Earth”
In what way is the ground bass in “When I am laid in earth” an example of the “Emblem of Lament”?
It represents the sorrow and grief of loss
What is the essential element of a concerto?
Contrast
What is a concerto grosso? Differentiate between concerto grosso and orchestral concerto?
Concerto grosso - a concerto for a group of musicians
Orchestral - no solo in front, usually features different instrument sections
How many movements are in a standard Baroque concerto? What is the general tempo of each?
3
fast slow fast
Outline ritornello structure. Include Concertino and Ripieno (tutti)
Ritornello, episode/soloist, ritornello, soloist, ritornello
Trace the development of the concerto from Corelli to Vivaldi.
Corelli established forms; Vivaldi expanded techniques and emotional expression.
Provide a short biography of Vivaldi, including his work at La PietĂ and the reason for his writing so many concertos.
Orchestra teacher at La Pieta, wrote the music the students would play, wrote approx 450 extant (surviving) concerti, standardized the 3 movement concerto structure.
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Know Bach’s birth and death dates, and trace his biography including, especially, his time in Weimar, Cöthen, and Leipzig.
b. 1685 d. 1750
born in a family of musicians, later moved to Weimar and became a concertmaster for court of the duke, in Cothen he composed the 6 brandenbrug concerti and focused on secular music, in Leipzig was leading music at 4 different churches which included writing music for all
What is a Chorale prelude, and what is the OrgelbĂĽchlein?
Chorale Prelude - Short organ compositions based on hymn tunes for liturgical purposes.
Orgelbuchlein - Setting for organ of a chorale melody
What are the characteristics of a toccata?
free rhythm
Sudden changes of texture
With regard to fugue, know characteristics and being able to define exposition, episode, subject, answer, stretto, augmentation, and diminution.
Exposition: Initial presentation of main themes.
Episode: Transitional section without main themes
subject - the opening statement of the
answer - the response to the subject
stretto - overlapping of subject and answers
augment - an extension (rhythmically) of the melody
diminution - a shortening (rhythmically) of the melody
What is the Bach motive?
Bb A C Bnat
What is contained in Bach’s Well-Tempered Clavier?
A prelude and Fugue in each major and minor key
Describe the general structure of a cantata written by Bach. Use BWV 62 as an example.
Uses choruses, recitatives, arias, and concludes with a final choral movement.
In what ways does Bach borrow from other genres when writing BWV 62 and other cantatas? (Da capo aria from Italian opera, ritornello structure from the concerto, etc.)
Bach incorporates da capo arias, ritornello, and dance forms into cantatas.
What were Bach’s duties with regard to church music in Leipzig?
He was the director and would have to write a new contata every sunday for 4 diff churches
What are BWV numbers and why are they important?
They serve as a way to organize his works for researchers
Know Handel’s birth and death dates.
b. 1685
d. 1759
Provide a basic biography of Handel, including major compositions. Describe his work as an entrepreneur.
renowned for pieces saul and oratorios like Messiah. He was a successful entrepreneur, founding the Royal Academy of Music in London.
What was the Royal Academy of Music, and how was it important to Handel’s career?
founded by Handel and promoted Italian opera, showcasing his works and attracting talented musicians.
Differentiate between secco recitative and accompanied recitative.
Secco: minimal accompaniment usually basso, speech-like.
Accompanied: full orchestra, dramatic expression.
Understand Handel’s importance to the English oratorio.
The people wanted more english oratorios so handel had to write for their taste
Name several of Handel’s instrumental pieces.
Water Music
Music for the Royal Fireworks
Concerto Grosso
Who said The Text is the master of the music?
Monteverdi
What was the Well-Tempered Klavier
A Prelude and Fuge in each major and minor key
What is a baroque suite?
A collection of dances
What are the four movements of a baroque suite
Allamonge, Serebonds, coulant, gigue
Characterisitics of a tocatta
Meant to sound improvised, large scale works
Note 
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