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Cognition
Mental activities associated with thinking
Metacognition
Awareness and understanding of one's own thought and mental processes.
Concepts
Mental groupings of similar objects
Prototype
A mental image or best example of a category (How we sort items essentially).
Creativity
Ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.
Convergent thinking
Narrows problem solutions to determine the best solution.
Divergent thinking
Expands the number of possible problem solutions
Creativity
Ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.
Executive functions
Cognitive skills that work together to enable us to generate, organize, plan and implement goal-directed behavior.
Algorithms
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Step-by-step procedures guaranteeing a solution.
Heuristics
Simple thinking strategies for quick problem-solving. Mental shortcut that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently.
Mental Set
Tendency to approach problems in a particular way.
Representativeness Heuristics
Judging likelihood based on how well something matches prototypes.
Availability Heuristics
Estimating likelihood based on availability in memory.
Overconfidence
Overestimating the accuracy of our knowledge and judgments. The tendency to be more confident than correct.
Sunk-cost fallacy
Continuing a venture due to previously invested resources.
Framing
Way an issue is posed
Memory
Persistence of learning over time via encoding
Recall
Retrieving information learned earlier.
Recognition
Identifying previously learned information.
Sensory Memory
Immediate, brief recording of sensory information.
Short-term Memory
Holds a few items briefly before storage or forgetting.
Long-term Memory
Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory.
Working Memory
A newer understanding of short-term memory. Active processing of incoming information and retrieved long-term memory.
Central Executive
Coordinates working memory components of the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad.
Phonological Loop
Processes and briefly holds verbal and auditory information.
Visuospatial Sketchpad
A memory component that briefly holds information about object's appearance and location in space.
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
Increase in synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. A neural basis for learning and memory.
Explicit Memory
Retention of memory of facts and experiences one can consciously know.
Effortful Processing
Encoding requiring attention and conscious effort.
Automatic Processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information.
Implicit Memory
Retention of learned skills independent of conscious recollection.
Iconic Memory
Momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli.
Echoic Memory
Momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli.
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.
Mnemonics
Memory aids using vivid imagery and organizational devices.
Method of Loci
Associating items with specific locations.
Hierarchies
Organizing items into a few broad concepts divided into narrower concepts.
Spacing Effect
Distributed study yields better long-term retention.
Testing Effect
Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than rereading. Also referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.
Shallow processing
Encoding on a basic level
Structural Encoding
Encoding based on the physical structure of information.
Phonemic Encoding
Encoding based on the sound of information.
Deep processing
Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of information. Tends to yield the best retention.
Semantic Encoding
The process of converting sensory input into meaningful, long-term memories by associating new information with existing knowledge and experiences.
Semantic Memory
The store of general knowledge about the world, including the meaning of words, objects, places, and people.
Episodic Memory
The ability to recall specific events from the past
Memory Consolidation
Neural storage of long-term memories.
Prospective Memory
Remembering to perform a future task.
Priming
Activation of particular associations in memory. (How exposure to one stimulus triggers related concepts.)
Context-dependent memory
Improved recall when context at encoding matches retrieval.
State-dependent memory
Recall better when in the same state as during encoding.
Mood-congruent memory
Recall experiences consistent with one's current mood.
Serial Position effect
Tendency to recall first and last items in a list.
Recency effect
Enhanced recall of items at the end of a list.
Primacy effect
Enhanced recall of items at the beginning of a list.
Superior Autobiographical Memory
Exceptional ability to recall personal experiences.
Anterograde amnesia
Inability to form new memories.
Retrograde amnesia
Inability to retrieve past memories.
Proactive interference
Older information interferes with the retrieval of new information.
Retroactive interference
New information interferes with the retrieval of old information.
Repression (motivated forgetting)
Unconscious exclusion of distressing memories.
Constructive memory
Creating false memories from misleading information.
Reconsolidation
A process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again.
Misinformation effect
Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.
Imagination inflation
Increased confidence in a false memory after imagining it.
Source amnesia
Forgetting the true source of a memory.
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