Studied by 11 people
Enlightenment
fueled by findings of scientific revolution; aided by bookmaking; at its center, it was critical questioning of conventional institutions, traditions, and morals
Human sciences
We can apply scientific method to human societies
Adam Smith: Wealth of Nations
economic liberalist who wrote that governments should allow the economy to just be and the economy would fix itself.
Invisible hand- spontaneous decentralized order will be more effective than a centralized agency freely controlling $
Kant
Wrote “What is Enlightenment”; new ideas in philosophy and moral theory
. Radical skepticism of religion
Emergence from man’s inner immaturity
“Dare to know when you become an adult”
Locke
All knowledge comes from the senses (empiricism)
Mind is a blank slate and every choice by anyone can be traced back to their environment
Political liberal
SOCIAL CONTRACT POV- people form a social contract with the government so they are guaranteed basic rights. We give up some basic freedom for it.
Montesquieu
French comparative political scientist; admires England and hates on France ; wrote spirit of the laws which was a treatise on political theory and comparative government based on historical events and governments;
Advocates constitutionalism
Voltaire
French playwright and author; representative of French Enlightenment phase: ANGLOPHILE and loved its religious tolerance
Tolerated Christianity but didn’t like it
Deism/Clockmaker
Doctrine that a God of a kind exists but God isn’t a person
God is a clockmaker who made the universe and let’s it be
Pantheism
God is the world
Encyclopedia: Diderot
Diderot is an anti Christian and saw it as the worst religion ever. Revised the encyclopedia and attacked Christianity in it
Solons
Gatherings of “phisos” who were more concerned with everyday problems
Prominent in France
LECTURES TO ARISTOCRATS HELD BY WOMEN
Rousseau: Emile
Rou wrote Emile, which recommends that all education should be natural and women should not be educated
Mary Wollstonecraft
Argues for formal education of women and for more rights (marriage or legal) for women
Everyone is = in the eyes of god
Progress/ Condorcet
Important idea of Enlightenment
Cond= extreme hope of progress; religion w/o doctrine, but with Catholic morality
Ever greater progress at all times
Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe
Wrote Sorrows of a Young Weather which provided standard romantic hero
Religious awakenings
Starts at same time as romantisicm
Methodism
Come from Church of England and is a more emotionally version of Christianiy
Freud
Beloved Mind as iceberg and not identified with consciousness
Instincts are the principal motivating factors (contrast to other enlightenment , thinkers,) humans = animal
Oedipus complex
Three parts of the mind
1 id- where the drive/animal comes from
2 super ego- conscience which is socially acquired
3- ego the conscious self created by id and super ego
Unitarians
Instead of emphasizing gospels, they emphasize good works and had more stock and political works also
Demphasize the divine
Charles Darwin: Decent of Man
Proposes evolution; More complex forms of life had origins through simpler forms and came to be
COMES FROM GREEK THINKERS
Natural Selection- made Darwin’s theory more scientific; mechanism that Heticles was missing; animals in order to survive must reproduce among other things. A non-successful animal is an animal that would either die or have no offspirng
TIME ALLOWED DARWIN TO THINK THIS AND THE DISCOVER OF GEOLOGY
THEORY HATED BY CHRISTIANS
Romantiscm Rou
Social culture theorist, but different social contract than LOCKE
EMPHASIS ON REASON, EMOTION, AND FEELING
when private property was introduced it ruined the greater life into the natural world
“ Man was born free but everywhere he is in chains”
“ How is a method of association to be found which will defend each member and still enable each member of group to obey only himself?”
“ Whoever refuses to obey the general shall be forced to obey by… He will be forced to be free”
Einstein
Worked his life trying to clean up physics; Wrote theory of special and general relativity(About the cosmos mostly)
Theory of special and theory of general relativity
Special- speed of light constant; The fast go time will slow down meaning time is not absolute, and only the speed of light is constant
MATTER IS JUST BOUND ENERGY
General- masses don’t attract each other, but they curve space
New theory was incomplete in quantum mechanics theory, and these contradict each other
Selective spread of science
Did only partially; China east Asia in the Islamic world rejected the new theories because they still used engineering
