Ch7.2: Enlightenment

Enlightenment

fueled by findings of scientific revolution; aided by bookmaking; at its center, it was critical questioning of conventional institutions, traditions, and morals

Human sciences

We can apply scientific method to human societies

Adam Smith: Wealth of Nations

economic liberalist who wrote that governments should allow the economy to just be and the economy would fix itself.

Invisible hand- spontaneous decentralized order will be more effective than a centralized agency freely controlling $

Kant

Wrote “What is Enlightenment”; new ideas in philosophy and moral theory

. Radical skepticism of religion

Emergence from man’s inner immaturity

“Dare to know when you become an adult”

Locke

All knowledge comes from the senses (empiricism)

Mind is a blank slate and every choice by anyone can be traced back to their environment

Political liberal

SOCIAL CONTRACT POV- people form a social contract with the government so they are guaranteed basic rights. We give up some basic freedom for it.

Montesquieu

French comparative political scientist; admires England and hates on France ; wrote spirit of the laws which was a treatise on political theory and comparative government based on historical events and governments;

Advocates constitutionalism

Voltaire

French playwright and author; representative of French Enlightenment phase: ANGLOPHILE and loved its religious tolerance

Tolerated Christianity but didn’t like it

Deism/Clockmaker

Doctrine that a God of a kind exists but God isn’t a person

God is a clockmaker who made the universe and let’s it be

Pantheism

God is the world

Encyclopedia: Diderot

Diderot is an anti Christian and saw it as the worst religion ever. Revised the encyclopedia and attacked Christianity in it

Solons

Gatherings of “phisos” who were more concerned with everyday problems

Prominent in France

LECTURES TO ARISTOCRATS HELD BY WOMEN

Rousseau: Emile

Rou wrote Emile, which recommends that all education should be natural and women should not be educated

Mary Wollstonecraft

Argues for formal education of women and for more rights (marriage or legal) for women

Everyone is = in the eyes of god

Progress/ Condorcet

Important idea of Enlightenment

Cond= extreme hope of progress; religion w/o doctrine, but with Catholic morality

Ever greater progress at all times

Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe

Wrote Sorrows of a Young Weather which provided standard romantic hero

Religious awakenings

Starts at same time as romantisicm

Methodism

Come from Church of England and is a more emotionally version of Christianiy

Freud

Beloved Mind as iceberg and not identified with consciousness

Instincts are the principal motivating factors (contrast to other enlightenment , thinkers,) humans = animal

Oedipus complex

Three parts of the mind

1 id- where the drive/animal comes from

2 super ego- conscience which is socially acquired

3- ego the conscious self created by id and super ego

Unitarians

Instead of emphasizing gospels, they emphasize good works and had more stock and political works also

Demphasize the divine

Charles Darwin: Decent of Man

Proposes evolution; More complex forms of life had origins through simpler forms and came to be

COMES FROM GREEK THINKERS

Natural Selection- made Darwin’s theory more scientific; mechanism that Heticles was missing; animals in order to survive must reproduce among other things. A non-successful animal is an animal that would either die or have no offspirng

TIME ALLOWED DARWIN TO THINK THIS AND THE DISCOVER OF GEOLOGY

THEORY HATED BY CHRISTIANS

Romantiscm Rou

Social culture theorist, but different social contract than LOCKE

EMPHASIS ON REASON, EMOTION, AND FEELING

when private property was introduced it ruined the greater life into the natural world

“ Man was born free but everywhere he is in chains”

“ How is a method of association to be found which will defend each member and still enable each member of group to obey only himself?”

“ Whoever refuses to obey the general shall be forced to obey by… He will be forced to be free”

Einstein

Worked his life trying to clean up physics; Wrote theory of special and general relativity(About the cosmos mostly)

Theory of special and theory of general relativity

Special- speed of light constant; The fast go time will slow down meaning time is not absolute, and only the speed of light is constant

MATTER IS JUST BOUND ENERGY

General- masses don’t attract each other, but they curve space

New theory was incomplete in quantum mechanics theory, and these contradict each other

Selective spread of science

Did only partially; China east Asia in the Islamic world rejected the new theories because they still used engineering