DNA

Why did scientists think genetic material was in proteins?

Dna only have 4 subunits, proteins have 20.

What experiment proved DNA is genetic material?

Avery, MacLeod, McCarthy

Hershey and Case

What was first key experiment for DNA?

Griffin experiment that demonstrated transfer of Genetic materials

What was Avery, Maclead, and McCarth experiment?

Determined DNA is the transformation material.

What was Hershey Case Experiment?

Used a virus with radioactive labels for proteins and DNA and saw which infected bacteria.

What did Watson and Crick do?

Created the double helix DNA model

What is Chargaff do?

Demonstrate A and T are 1:1 and G and C are 1:1

What does DNA stand for

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Double Helix

Two-stranded twisted ladder

What is each unit of DNA called?

Nuceotides

What does each nuceotide have?

Sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base

What is the backbone of DNA made out of?

Sugar and phosphate

What are the rungs made out of?

Two complementary bases A to T, G to C

Which nitrogen bases are purines?

Adenine and Guanine

What nitrogen bases are pyrimidines?

Thymine, and Cytosine

Name the four nitrogen bases?

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine

What kind of bond holds nucleotides together?

Covalent

What bonds are between nitrogen bases?

Hydrogen

What is Replication?

Copying a DNA strand

What is the first step of Replication?

DNA Helicase unwinding and unzipping the DNA

What is the location of the DNA uzips called?

Replication bubble, and there can be thousands on a single strand

What is the second step of Replication?

DNA polymerase adds complementary bases to both side of strand

What way can polymerase work in?

3’ to 5’ direction

What does polymerase only being able to work in 3’ to 5’ do?

Making a leading and lagging strand

What is final step in Replication?

DNA Ligase joins the DNA fragments

What is end product of Replication?

2 identical copies of DNA

What is transcription?

Converting DNA to mRNA

Where does transcription take place?

In the nucleus

What are the three types of RNA?

mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA

What does mRNA do?

Is the code

What does the rRNA do?

Make ribosomes

What does tRNA do?

Transfers amino acids to ribosomes

What are the three differences between DNA and RNA.

DNA has deoxyribose double helix and T

RNA has ribose single strand and U

What is step one of Transcription?

RNA polymerase unwinds and unzips DNA at promoter site

What is second step of Transcription?

RNA polymerase adds on nucleotides

What is third step of Transcription?

RNA polymerase reaches termination signal and detaches from DNA

What are proteins?

Amino acids linked by peptide bonds

How many amino acids are there?

20

What are three bases called?

Codons

What does a codon do?

Designates an amino acid

What many codons are possible?

64

What are the three bases of tRNA called

Anticodon

What does mRNA go when getting Translated?

Leaves the nucleus to go to a ribosome

What is first step of Translation?

mRNA attaches to ribosome at start codon

What is second step in translation?

tRNA brings amino acids and peptide bonds join the amino acids

What is last step of Translation?

Ribosome reaches stop codon and polypeptide chain is released

What damages DNA?

Chemicals, and heat.

What do somatic cells mutations lead to?

Cancers, death, or nothing.

What are gamete mutations?

Passed down to offspring

What are mutations?

Random change in genetic material of cell

What are two types of mutations?

Macro mutations, and Point mutations

What are macro mutations?

Addition or Deletion of large chunks of DNA

What are point mutations?

Changes in one or two bases in a gene

What are two types of point mutations?

Frame shift and Substitutions

What is frame shift?

Loss or addition of one or two nucleotides

What is a substitution?

Replacement of one nucleotide by another one

Which has bigger impact?

Frame shift every single codon changes