Studied by 1 person
learning
relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of an experince
classical conditioning
a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response because it is repeatedly paired with a behaviorally relevant stimulus
unconditioned stimulus
naturally, automatically triggers a response
Unconditional response
unlearned natural response to the unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned stimulus
initially neutral
Conditioned Response
learned response from conditioned stimulus and is the same as the unconditioned response
Acquisition
initial phase of learning, repeatedly pairing the unconditioned with the neutral stimulus
Extinction
unlearning of the conditioned response to the conditioned stimulus
Spontaneous recovery
Recovery of the conditioned response after some time has passed
Generalization
tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to a conditioned stimulus
Discrimination
ability to respond differently to various stimuli
conditioned emotional resposes
Fear conditioning, PTSD, exposure therapy, taste aversion
fear conditioning
learned association between a neutral stimulus and a negative event
Exposure Therapy
extinction of a conditioned response
Conditioned taste aversion
acquired dislike or disgust of food and occur after single exposure
Operant conditioning
learning in which behavior is determined by consequences
consequence
not always bad and can be reinforcing or punishing
Contingent
consequence that depends upon an action
Reinforcement
when a consequence results in an increase in the behavior, two kinds; positive and negative
positive reinforcement
consequence involves something being given or added which increases the behavior
Negative reinforcement
consequence involves something being reduced, removed, or avoided to increase behavior
Primary rienforcer
normally satisfy an unlearned biological need
Secondary reinforcer
learned value is being satisfied
Punishment
consequence results in a decrease in behavior
Positive punishment
consequence results in something being presented or give which reduces the behavior
Negative punishment
consequence involves something being taken away which reduces behavior
shaping
reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desired response
schedule of reinforcement
acts as a way of shaping
continuous reinforcement
reinforce every response
Partial reinforcement
reinforce only some responses based on intervals or ratios
Intervals
reinforcement based on time
Ratio
reinforcement based on number of responses
schedules
fixed and variable ratios and intervals
fixed ratio
reinforcement delivered after a specific number of behaviors
variable ratio
reinforcement delivered after a random number of behaviors, based around the mean
fixed interval
reinforces a first response set after a certain amount of time
variable interval
reinforcement occurs after different amounts of time pass and varies around the average
superstitious behavior
can occur because of random enforcement
Memory
storage and retrieval of information
control processes
determines what information
sensory memory
very brief, but long enough to determine what to attend to; two types: Iconic and Echoic
Iconic memory
visual memory that lasts .5-1 second
Echoic Memory
auditory memory that lasts less than 5 seconds
Selective attention
what moves from sensoryto shortt-termm memory; what we are actually paying attention to
Short term (working) memory
holds information that you are currently thinking about, attending to, or processing; can hold 5-9 pieces of info at a time
chunking
combining information into meaningful groups (5-9 chinks at a time)
rehearsal
maintenance for short-term memory and sending it to long term memory; repeating the information
Long-term memory
lasting storage of information about facts, experiences, and sills; two categories: declarative and non-declarative
Declrative
knowing that something happens; memories recalled with awareness and can be described and verbalized
Non-declarative
knowing how to do something; behaviors that can be performed and remembered w/o awareness
Procedural
how to do things
Hippocampus
creation of new declarative memories; not involved in remote, procedural, or working memory
Anterograde Amnesia
inability to form new memories after brain damage; damage to the hippocampus
Retrograde amnesia
inability to retrieve memories or events before brain damage
Serial position effect
tend to remember the first and last part of a list
primary effect
beginning
regency effect
end
levels of processing
more meaningful encoding is, the more likely you will remember it
Shallow
not thinking deep about it or connecting it to past knowledge
deep
thinking meaningfully about the meaning of the phrase or word and connecting it to past knowledge
Note 
Flashcard (23)