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115 Terms

1

disce aut discede

A Latin term that means 'learn or leave.'

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2

Black Death

A bacterial disease that devastated many areas of the world, leading to millions of deaths and a profound change in society.

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3

Bubonic Plague

A synonym for the Black Death.

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4

Constantinople

A city established by Roman Emperor Constantine, capital of the Byzantine Empire, later the Ottoman Empire.

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5

urban

Of or pertaining to cities.

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6

rural

Of or pertaining to the countryside.

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7

flagellants

An extremist Catholic religious movement that believed physical punishment could atone for sins.

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8

ghetto

Originally referred to a specific section of a European city where Jews were allowed to reside.

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9

pogrom

Periodic violent attacks on the Jewish population, especially prominent in Eastern Europe.

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10

anti-Semitism

The hatred of the Jewish population.

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11

first-hand

Something directly witnessed or experienced by the person relating it.

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12

second-hand

Something explained by someone who did not directly witness or experience it.

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13

Florentine

Of or pertaining to the Italian city of Florence.

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14

vernacular

Any language spoken by the general population of a region.

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15

siege

A military tactic where an enemy is surrounded and starved into submission.

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16

Balkan Peninsula

A vast region in southeastern Europe including nations like Greece and Serbia.

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17

antiquity

Of or pertaining to anything ancient or a period of ancient history.

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18

Middle Ages

The European historical era following the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 CE.

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19

medieval

A synonym for the Middle Ages.

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20

transcribe

The action of copying by hand something written.

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21

literate

The ability to read.

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22

illiterate

Lacking the ability to read.

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23

secular

Anything that is not religious in its character or purpose.

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24

classical

Of or pertaining to ancient Greece and/or ancient Rome.

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25

Italian Renaissance

A period in the 1400’s and 1500’s marked by renewed interest in culture, art, and learning.

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26

papal / papacy

Of or pertaining to the office of the Pope of the Catholic Church.

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27

lion’s share

An expression that means the biggest and best portion of something.

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28

Doge

The title held by the ruling prince of the city of Venice.

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29

textile

Of or pertaining to cloth or the production of cloth.

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30

Medici

A powerful family that dominated the politics of Florence during the Renaissance.

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31

humanism

A Renaissance movement emphasizing Greek and Roman values and the potential of man.

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32

oligarchy

Any government dominated by a few wealthy people.

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33

S’forza

A powerful family that dominated the politics of Milan.

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34

mercenary

A soldier who fights for anyone who pays for their services.

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35

patron

Someone who supports the arts or a specific artist.

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36

liberal arts

Courses of study focusing on man and his accomplishments.

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37

skepticism

The belief that certain knowledge is impossible; the practice of doubt.

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38

theology

The study of religion.

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39

ethics

The study of moral principles and behavior.

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40

Dark Ages

A synonym for the Middle Ages.

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41

philology

The study of the historical development and origin of language.

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42

Vatican

An independent state ruled by the Pope, the center of the Catholic Church.

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43

Donation of Constantine

A medieval document falsely claiming to give the Catholic Church control over Western Europe.

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44

universal truths

Values common to all humanity, such as honesty and kindness.

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45

Renaissance Man

The ideal man who can do everything and do it well.

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46

Civic Humanism

A Renaissance movement seeking to design a more ideal form of government.

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47

political science

The study of different forms of government.

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48

Christian Humanism

Movement focused on returning the Church to earlier practices of faith.

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49

Flanders

An ancient name for a major region of modern Belgium.

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50

Vulgate Bible

The ancient Latin translation of the Bible used by the medieval Catholic Church.

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51

Northern Renaissance

Spread of the Renaissance into Northern and Western Europe, focused on religious issues.

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52

Low Countries

Collective term for Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.

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53

hierarchical

A societal structure dividing people into ranks from highest to lowest.

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54

clergy

Formal leaders of any religion such as priests and bishops.

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55

laymember

Someone who is part of a faith without a formal role in the religion.

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56

peasants

Rural, agricultural free laborers, belonging to a lower class.

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57

serfs

Rural agricultural laborers bound to the land.

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58

artisans

Skilled workers producing items by hand, like tailors and shoemakers.

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59

guild

A medieval organization of workers from a common industry controlling training and quality.

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60

rationalize

To explain or justify an action or belief that others might find offensive.

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61

primogeniture

The law that the firstborn male inherits all property and titles.

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62

feminist

The movement seeking to elevate the status and opportunities for females.

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63

querelles de femmes

The long debate about the proper role for women in European society.

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64

perspective

An artistic technique to create three-dimensional depth on a flat surface.

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65

contrapposto

Artistic technique showing a human figure weighted on a single limb.

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66

Gothic

Architectural style associated with the late Middle Ages, characterized by pointed arches.

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67

New Monarchs

Rulers in the 1500’s who established stronger control than medieval kings.

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68

War of the Roses

A civil war in England from 1455 to 1485 for control of the throne.

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69

Tudor

The family controlling the English throne from 1485 to 1603.

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70

regicide

The act of killing a ruling monarch.

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71

usurper

Someone who seizes power that does not rightfully belong to them.

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72

dynasty

A succession of family members ruling a nation.

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73

Moors

Muslim people who conquered the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages.

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74

Iberian Peninsula

Region in southwestern Europe including Portugal and Spain.

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75

Inquisition

Religious courts in Spain to root out suspected Jewish or Muslim converts.

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76

centralized

Concentration of authority and control in a single person or place.

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77

Habsburg

The family that ruled over the Holy Roman Empire.

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78

evangelized

The act of preaching a religious belief to win converts.

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79

lucrative

Something that is profitable or valuable.

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80

caravel

A Portuguese sailing ship designed for handling ocean voyages.

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81

backstaff / astrolabe / sextant

NAVIGATION tools tracking speed and location using celestial bodies.

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82

portolani

Ancient medieval maps used by early explorers.

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83

Cape of Good Hope

Strategic passage of water at the bottom of Africa.

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84

Malacca

Old name for the islands of Indonesia known for their spices.

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85

Treaty of Tordesillas

1494 agreement splitting the unknown world between Spain and Portugal.

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86

circumnavigate

The act of sailing around the world.

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87

conquistadors

Spanish soldiers who conquered the New World native population.

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88

Smallpox

A viral infection with a high mortality rate, especially in historical contexts.

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89

encomienda

Large land grants from the Spanish king to soldiers in the New World.

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90

Middle Passage

Horrific journey of captive African slaves to the New World.

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91

Mestizos

Mixed race people of European and Native American blood.

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92

Mulattos

Mixed race people of European and African blood.

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93

relativism

The belief that knowledge and morality relate to culture and society.

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94

demographic

The study of people and population.

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95

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of people, crops, and goods between Europe and the New World.

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96

bullion

Precious metals in bulk form, valued by weight.

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97

inflation

A general increase in prices and decline in purchasing power.

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98

Price Revolution

Economic upheaval marked by inflation in Spain and Europe in the 1500’s.

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99

barter

An economic system where goods are traded without currency.

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100

Global Economy

Beginnings of a worldwide economy linking different regions through trade.

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