CLINICAL BACTERIOLOGY - MODULE 1 [LECTURE]

PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC. What are bacteria?

Prokaryotic

Genome of bacteria

DNA and RNA

TRUE OR FALSE. All bacteria have DNA and RNA

TRUE

What is the smallest bacteria

Mycoplasma species

Smallest bacteria are also known as?

Mollicutes

Since mycoplasma species have no cell wall what shape do they have?

Pleomorphic shape

What is the largest pathogenic bacteria

Bacillus anthracis

what is the largest non-pathogenic bacteria?

Thiomargarita magnifica

What is used in chemical detoxification?

Formaldehyde

What do you call a detoxified toxins?

Toxoids

What are weakened form of toxins?

Toxoids

In what degree is the heat stability of toxins

60 degree celsius

LABILE OR STABLE. heat stability of exotoxins

LABILE

LABILE OR STABLE. heat stability of endotoxins

STABLE

This is when they cannot produce fever

Afebrile

ENDOTOXIN or EXOTOXIN. Which of these cannot produce fever?

EXOTOXIN

ENDOTOXIN or EXOTOXIN. Which of these are febrile?

ENDOTOXIN

ENDOTOXIN or EXOTOXIN. Which of these are high in toxicity/potency?

EXOTOXIN

ENDOTOXIN or EXOTOXIN. Which of the following can be converted into toxoids?

EXOTOXIN

Which toxin is produced by *C. botulinum?*

Botulinum toxin

What is produced when Botulinum toxin is detoxified?

Botox

Which toxin is produced by Clostridium tetani

Tetanospasmin

What is produced when Tetanospasmin is detoxified?

Tetanus toxoid

What do endotoxin have that makes them febrile

Pyretic interleukin-1

The cell wall of a bacteria is composed of what?

Peptidoglycan/murine

Cell wall of fungi

Chitin

Cell wall of plants

Cellulose

TRUE of FALSE. All prokaryotes have cell well

FALSE

A bacteria that does not possess cell wall

Mycoplasma

PROKARYOTE OR EUKARYOTE. Which of the following has a cell membrane without sterols?

Prokaryote

Prokaryote does not have sterol except for?

Mycoplasma

Mycoplasma has this wherein it is their site of energy production

Sterol

What is the sterol of plants and fungi

Ergosterol

What is the sterol of animals

Cholesterol

The reproduction of prokaryotes

Asexual (Binary Fission)

This refers to the time required for 1 bacteria to split into two

Doubling time/generation time

Doubling time of S. aureus

30 minutes

Generation time of T. pallidum

33 hours

An example of eukaryotes that can also reproduce by binary fission

Protozoans

This refers to how fast ribosomes settles

Svedberg/Sedimentation unit

Ribosomes sedimentation unit of prokaryotes

70S; 30S - 50S

Ribosomes sedimentation unit of eukaryotes

80S; 40S - 60S

Lysosomes are known as suicide bags as they contain hydrolytic enzymes called?

Lysozymes

Width of Bacteria in um

0\.25-1 um

Length of Bacteria in um

1-3 um

Cell wall is also known as

Peptidoglycan/murine layer

The peptidoglycan layer is composed of?

Disaccharide-pentapeptide subunit

Disaccharide-pentapeptide subunit is composed of alternating units of?

N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid

THICKER or THINNER. Peptidoglycan layer of gram positive

Thicker

THICKER or THINNER. Peptidoglycan layer of gram negative

Thinner

Gram positive or gram negative. Presence of outer membrane

Gram negative

This serves as permeability barrier to hydrophilic/hydrophobic substances

Outer membrane

Composition of outer membrane

Lipopolysaccharides and other lipids such as lipoproteins

This is the space between the cell wall and the outer membrane

Periplasm

The purpose of this is to trap the nutrients that enters the outer membrane. It secures proteins

Periplasm

This contributes to the (-) charge of your gram (+) cell wall

Teichoic acid and Lipoteichoic acid

The major contributor in having (-) charge in gram (+)

Teichoic acid

What do you call the bacteria that are resistant to gram staining?

Acid-Fast organisms

What is in the peptidoglycan of acid-fast organisms that makes them resistant to gram staining?

Mycolic acid/hydroxymethoxy acid

In nature, what are acid-fast organisms?

Gram positive

The unique structure of plasma membrane is that it has?

Mesosomes (invaginations)

This is also known as the cleavage of the cell membrane

Mesosomes

TRUE or FALSE. Mesosomes are important for cell division

TRUE

The purpose is to serve food reserves

Inclusion bodies

Metachromatic granules are also known as?

Volutin, Babes-ernst

What bacteria has the inclusion body of metachromatic granules

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

The inclusion body of *Yersinia pestis*

Bipolar bodies

Yersinia pestis has an appearance of what due to its inclusion bodies

Safety pin

Which bacteria has an inclusion body of much granules

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Halber-Stadter prowazek is the inclusion body of what bacteria?

Chlamydia trachomatis

Halber-Stadter prowazek is also known as the?

Elementary bodies

What is the name of the inclusion body of Chlamydia psittaci?

Levithal cole lillie

These are non-chromosomal DNA, non-vital and it encodes antibiotic resistance

Plasmids

Chromosomal DNA encodes for the production of?

mec A gene

Responsible for the reproduction and viability of bacteria

Chromosomal DNA

They carry antibiotic resistance genes

Plasmid

Site of protein synthesis

Ribosomes

Cytoplasm of bacteria has 2 distinct areas which are?

Amorphous matrix and Inner Nucleoid Region

Site of energy synthesis

Serves as osmotic and permeability barrier

Regular transport of nutrients in and out of the cell

Plasma membrane

Structure that surrounds the cell wall

Glycocalyx

2 Types of glycocalyx

Capsule and Slime layer

They are intact, firmly attached to the cell wall of the bacteria

Capsule

Capsule is associated with __ antigen, which means _____

K; kapsule

General structure of capsules consists of?

Polysaccharides

What is/are the bacteria wherein their capsules contains **Polyribosil-ribitol phosphate (PO4)**

Haemophilus influenzae

What is/are the bacteria wherein their capsules contains **polysaccharides**

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis

What is/are the bacteria wherein their capsules contains **polypeptide D-glutamic acid**

Bacillus anthracis

What is/are the bacteria wherein their capsules contains **hyaluronic acid**

Pasteurella multocida

What is/are the bacteria wherein their capsules contains **alginate**

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

What are the ways to identify if the bacteria has a capsule?

Capsular stain, Neufeld quellung test, mucoid colonies

What do you call the test wherein the capsule begins to swell?

Neufeld Quellung Test

Reagent of Neufeld Quellung Test

Serum with anticapsular antibodies

Loosely attached to the cell wall

Slime layer

Example of a bacteria with slime layer

Staphylococcus epidermidis

This extracellular structure is usually found in gram negative

Pili/Fimbriae

Pili are made up of protein called?

Pilin

2 Types of pili

Common pili and Sex pili

What are the other names of common pili?

Somatic, ordinary, adhesion pili

What are the other names of sex pili?

F, fertility pili

COMMON PILI OR SEX PILI. For adherence

Common Pili