INORGANIC MEDICINALS: Abundance, Vitamins, Storage, Glass, Radioactivity, Alloys, Transition metals, Manufacturing processes

PART 1: Abundance, Vitamins, Storage, Glass, Radioactivity, Alloys, Transition metals, Manufacturing processes

Oxygen gas (O₂)

EARTH 1st relative abundance

Silicon (Si)

EARTH 2nd Relative Abundance

Aluminum (Al)

EARTH 3rd Relative Abundance

Nitrogen gas (N₂)

AIR GAS Relative Abundance

71% : 29%

Percentage: N₂ + O₂ = Air

Argon (Ar)

MOST abundant noble gas

Xenon (Xe)

LEAST abundant noble gas

PISO (K+ in, Na+ out)

INTRA & EXTRA IONS Most abundant / major / principal / 1˚ Cation

PICO (HPO₄-2 in, Cl- out)

INTRA & EXTRA IONS Most abundant / major / principal / 1˚ anion

MICO (Mg2+ in, Ca2+ out)

INTRA & EXTRA IONS Most abundant / minor 2˚ Cation

SULIBIO (SO₄-2 in, HCO₃- out)

INTRA & EXTRA IONS Most abundant / minor 2˚ Anion

HCO₃-

H₂CO₃

Most abundant / important physiological buffer system (maintains pH)

↑ Acidosis ↓Alkalosis

Respiratory (pCO₂)

↑ Alkalosis ↓ Acidosis

Metabolic (HCO₃-)

Vitamin C

Vitamins for maximum absorption of Fe

Vitamin D

Vitamins for maximum absorption of Calcium

Copper (II) Sulfate / CuSO₄

Enhances Fe utilization

Vitamin E

Vitamins for maximum absorption of Se

Black cylinder

Storage container of N₂ / Dinitrogen gas

Blue cylinder

Storage container for dinitrogen dioxide (NO₂), nitrous oxide (N₂O)

Blue bottle

Storage container for magnesium hydroxide / Mg(OH)

Green cylinder

Storage container for oxygen gas / O₂

Dark green

Storage container for Argon

Grey

Storage container for carbon dioxide / CO₂

Brown

Storage container for Helium / He

Red

Storage container for hydrogen gas / H₂

Maroon

Storage container for Acetylene

Yellow

Storage container for Chlorine gas / Cl₂

Coated w/ petroleum or under oil (reactive)

Storage container for Lithium / Li

Under water

Storage container for white / yellow phosphorus

Silica + Na₂CO₃ glass type 1

Highly resistant borosilicate (pyrex, borosil)

Boron - deer coefficient of expansion

Silica + Na₂CO₃ Glass type 2

Treated soda lime glass

Silica + Na₂CO₃ Glass type 3

Soda lime glass

Dry powder packaging

Silica + Na₂CO₃ Glass type 4 / NP

Gen. Soda lime glass

Water attack test

Leach test for type 2 / treated soda lime glass

Powdered glass test

Leach test for type 1 (highly resistance borosilicate) & type 3 (soda lime glass)

Brown / amber — light-resistant

Glass modification for Potassium / K

Red

Glass modification for Selenium / Se

Vaseline / Yellow-green

Glass modification for Lithium / Li

Masks blue-green color Fe usually present in glass

Glass modification for Manganese dioxide / MnO₂

Iner. refractive index

Glass modification for Pb

Selectively absorb light of certain wavelengths

Glass modification for Rare earths

Glass etching

Glass modification for Hydrogen fluoride / HF

Radioactivity

Spontaneous emission of particles / ionizing radiation due to unstable nuclei (p+-to-n˚ ratio) of heavier elements

Curie (Ci)

Radiation activity common unit

Roentgen Equivalent for Man (REM)

Radiation biological damage / dosage common unit

Radiation Absorbed Dose (RAD)

Radiation absorbed dose common unit

Roentgen (R)

Radiation exposure common unit

Becquerel (Bq)

Radiation activity SI unit

Sievert (Sv)

Radiation biological damage / dose SI unit

Gray (Gy)

Radiation absorbed dose SI unit

Coulumb (kg)

Radiation exposure SI unit

Beta / Gamma

Penetrates body tissue

Radioisotopes

Decays randomly

Alpha (a, ⁴₂He²⁺)

Heaviest

Slowest (0.1)

Low pentrating power

Prevented by paper

Beta (ß^-/+)

Light (1/2000)

Fast (0.9)

Medium penetrating power

Prevented by aluminum

Gamma / Photon of EMR

No mass & charge (0)

Fastest

High penetrating power

Prevented by Pb / lead

Similar to x-ray

Atomic no. > 82

Alpha rays emitted by

Negatron (ß^-)

Neutron → proton

Decay to the element having next highest atomic number

Positron (ß⁺)

Decay proton → neutron

Decay to the element having next lowest atomic number

K Capture

Emission process of x-ray

Liver

Kidney

Heart

Thyroid

Others

Radiopharmaceuticals used in

TC⁹⁹m IDA (imino diacetic acid)

TC⁹⁹m phytate

Au198

1¹⁸¹ Rose Bengal

Na Iodohippurate

Liver Radiopharmaceuticals

TC⁹⁹m IDA (imino diacetic acid)

Hepato biliary studies

TC⁹⁹m phytate

Liver imaging & potency studies / liver phytes

Au198

Liver scanning

1¹⁸¹ Rose Bengal

Tracer of liver function

Na Iodohippurate

Diagnosis of liver function

TC⁹⁹m heptagluconate

Hg¹⁹⁷ chlormerodrin

Kidney pharmaceuticals

TC⁹⁹m heptagluconate

Kidney imaging

Renal function determination

Hg¹⁹⁷ chlormerodrin

Kidney & brain scintillation scanning

TC⁹⁹m sestamibi / methoxy isobutyl isonitrile

I¹⁹¹NaI

Heart radiopharmaceuticals

TC⁹⁹m sestamibi / methoxy isobutyl isonitrile

Myocardial perfusion agent

I¹⁹¹NaI

Cardiac output determination to approximate blood plasma volumer

TC⁹⁹m pertechnetate

I¹²⁵NaI

Thyroid pharmaceuticals

TC⁹⁹m pertechnetate

Thyroid scanning

I¹²⁵NaI

Diagnosis of thyroid function

TC⁹⁹m etridronate / phosphonates

Bone imaging

TC⁹⁹m macroaggregated albumin

Lung scanning

Cr^SL

Spleen imaging & RBC mass

P³²Na phosphate

Polycythemia vera treatment (RBC excess)

CO⁵⁷ cyanocobalamin

Diagnosis of pernicious anemia

Se⁷⁵ selenomethionine

Diagnosis of pancreatic tumor

Plumber’s solder

67% Pb

33% Sn

Solder

50% Pb, Sn

Pewter

20% Pb

80% Sn

Babbitt

20% Sb

80% Sn

Type metal

50% Pb

25% Sn, Sb

Rose metal

25% Pb, Sn

50% Bi

Bronze

Copper + Sn

Gun metal

Copper + Sn Copper + Sn (90:10)

Anti-friction metal

Copper + Sn + Sb (12.5:75:12.5)

Brass

Copper + Zinc

Monel, Constantan

Copper + Ni

German’s Silver

Copper + Ni + Zn

Devarda

Copper + Al + Zn

Sterling silver

Copper + Ag (1.5:92.5)

Raney nickel

Aluminum + Ni

Steel

Iron + 3% C

Misch metal

Iron + 70% Ce