apush unit 4

Panic of 1837

Panic of 1837

failing demand for cotton, jackson’s screwing with the banks led to their bankruptcy

in what 2 ways did jackson mess up the banks

put all the money into state banks who printed their own additional money, required all new land be purchased w/ gold and silver (specie circular, banknotes lost their value)

tariff of 1828

aka tariff of abominations, passed by JQA, raised avg rate of taxes on goods, hurt southern plantation owners but helped northeners

bill of rights

The first ten amendments to the US Constitution, ratified in 1791, that outline and guarantee certain individual rights and freedoms

leaders of the federalists?

alexander hamilton, john adams

nat turner’s rebellion (1831)

va slave revolt, killed 60 whites, led to new laws that imposed more restrictions/penalties against African Americans (restricting rights to gather, travel, read/write etc inspired by fear)

what states were the federalists from?

middle states, new england

beliefs of the federalists?

loose interpretation of constitution, national bank, protective tariffs, favored britain, order & stability, often rich dudes

who were the leaders of the democratic republicans?

tj & james madison

democratic republican states?

va, south, west

beliefs of democratic republicans?

strict interpretation of the constitution, low taxes, help yeoman farmers, favored france, liberty

anti-federalists

opposed ratification of constitution because they feared a too powerful national government b/c no bill of rights to protect individual liberties, mostly farmers,

first party system

political system in place in the United States between 1792 and 1824 (the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans)

election of 1800

led to 12th amendment, 3/5th clause helped jefferson win, debate over alien & sedition acts, mudslinging

alien act

passed under john adams, made naturalization more difficult for immigrants and allowed prez to deport any sus people (this led to immigrants supporting jefferson instead bc they supported individual liberty)

sedition act

passed under john adams, criminalized making false statements that criticized the government

who won election of 1800

jefferson defeated john adams (no more federalist presidents!)

who said “we are all republicans, we are all federalists”

jefferson, The principles of American government were above party politics (emphasize unity)

jay treaty

peace treaty between america & britain, seen as overly beneficial to the brits

Era of Good Feelings

only one political party (d-r), sense of national & political unity following war of 1812

monroe doctrine (1823)

1. american stay out of europe wars unless directly impacted

2. europe cant make any new colonies in america

3. any colonization attempt by europe = unfriendly act

important events of jefferson’s presidency? name 3

lewis & clark expedition, lousiana purchase, created us patent office (1802), abolition of national bank & international slave trade (1808)

embargo act (1807)

jefferson, americans can’t sail to foreign ports to protect american interests & avoid getting drawn into napoleonic wars (later replaced by non intercourse act in 1809, america must be neutral!!)

marbury v madison (1803)

established judicial review

mcculloch v maryland (1819)

congress can create a national bank, established principle of implied powers (necessary & proper clause)

gibbons vs. ogden (1824)

federal gov can regulate interstate commerce rather than individual states, established federal supremacy

worcester v georgia (1832)

Georgia's laws regulating the presence of Native Americans within the state were unconstitutional and violated the rights of the Cherokee Nation, established tribal sovereignty

tribal sovereignty

right of indigenous tribes to govern themselves within the borders of the United States

second party system

1828 to 1854, 2 major parties: dems and whigs

hartford convention (1814)

secret federalist party meeting about the gov abusing its power & neglecting the northern states, drafted resolutions, failure!! (seen as unpatriotic)

war hawks

Members of Congress who pushed for war against Britain leading up to War of 1812; they were opposed by New England Federalists who later convened at Hartford Convention.

treaty of fort wayne (1809)

transfer over three million acres of Native American lands in present-day Indiana and Illinois to the U.S government (2 cents per acre)

what did john c calhoun do??

what did henry clay say his american system would do?

rechartering bank of us, protective tariff for manufacturing sector, federal funding for internal improvements

what did the american system actually do?

tariff of 1816, 2nd bank of US (1816-1836)

purpose of american system?

America would become economically self-sufficient and would not be dependent on Europe, reduce sectionalism

panic of 1819

decline in crop prices, bank failures, people bought too much western land thinking that it would be hella valuable in the future (it wasn’t, think beanie babies)

missouri compromise (1820)

developed by henry clay, maine = free state, missouri = slave state, slavery prohibited in the area north of the 36 deg 30 min line, nullified by kansas-nebraska act (1854)

tallmadge amendment

prohibited further introduction of slavery and allowed emancipation for all slave children born in Missouri at age 25

kansas nebraska act (1854)

repealed missouri compromise, allowed for popular sovereignty, led to bleeding kansas (precedent for civil war)

tariff of 1816

irst protective tariff in U.S. history, designed to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812

impressment

british ships would take American crew as their prisoners, impressing them into the service of the Royal Navy. It violated American neutrality.

what led to the war of 1812?

impressment, war hawks, brits encouraging native americans to attack US

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

ended war of 1812, halted fighting, all territories back to pre-war, recognized prewar borders (basically nothing happened in this war, entirely useless)

indian removal act of 1830

andrew jackson, native american in se us must move to west of mississippi river

market revolution

agriculture to production of good to sell, consumer culture

major tech innovations that led to market revolution?

railroads, steam powered engines, telegrahp, cotton gin (eli whitney), interchangeable parts, Erie Canal

cult of domesticity

women = mothers and wives, not workers

lowell girls

young girls that worked in factories

nativists

opposed immigration, xenophobes

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

prohibited chinese immigration for 60 years

era of the common man (1820s-30s)

expansion of democracy, property requirements lifted, secret ballot, rise of reform movements (temperance movement, workingmen’s party), andrew jackson’s jacksonian democracy

jacksonian democracy

universal male suffrage

election of 1824

jackson vs. quincy adams vs crawford vs clay

corrupt bargain

clay supported adams, adams became prez and made clay his secretary of state (spoils system = nepotism for ur supporters)

the nullification crisis

calhoun said states can nullify any federal laws they want, jackson made tariffs, SC nullified them, SC threatened to secede, jackson passed force bill (use guns and stuff to enforce laws)

transcendentalism

emphasizing the importance of intuition and spiritual connection to the divine

examples of religious communal movements?

the shakers, the mormons, etc

Second Great Awakening

early 19th century, renewed interest in Christianity, social reforms

Charles Grandison Finney

famous 2nd great awakening preacher, rejected calvinist predestination, very emotional/dramatic