Chapter 9 Key Terms

Alexander Hamilton

Unified the pro-Constitution Federalists of 1788, headed the new government's treasury department, and became the country’s most polarizing figure.

Alien and Sedition Acts

1798 laws aimed at suppressing political dissent, criminalizing conspiracy and criticism of government leaders.

Bill of Rights

The first 10 amendments to the Constitution, ratified by 1791, focusing on individual liberties and the boundary between federal and state authority.

First Amendment

Guarantees freedoms of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.

Second Amendment

Protects the right to bear arms.

Fourth Amendment

Provides protection against unreasonable searches and seizures.

Fifth Amendment

Covers rights of the accused including protection against self-incrimination, no double jeopardy, and due process.

Cotton

A major cash crop that became labor-intensive after the invention of the cotton gin; significantly drove plantation slavery.

Eli Whitney

Inventor of the cotton gin, which revolutionized cotton production.

Federalist Party

The first political party in the United States, founded by Alexander Hamilton, supporting a strong national government and commercial growth.

George Washington

First President of the US, who set key precedents and warned against political parties.

Haitian Revolution

An uprising in Saint Domingue leading to the creation of Haiti in 1804, advocating for the liberty of enslaved people.

Jay Treaty

1795 treaty negotiated by John Jay, securing limited trading rights with Britain but failing to meet most U.S. objectives.

John Adams

Second President of the U.S., known for the XYZ Affair and the Alien and Sedition Acts.

John Jay

First Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, negotiated the Jay Treaty.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Established federal supremacy over state laws and upheld the Bank of the United States.

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

An effort led by President Washington to keep the U.S. out of European wars.

Northwest Confederacy

A coalition of Native American nations defending their territory from U.S. expansion.

Report on Manufactures

Hamilton's proposal to promote American goods through subsidies and tariffs.

Report on Public Credit

Hamilton's report recommending that the national debt be funded at full value to make the new country creditworthy.

Republican Motherhood

Ideology highlighting the importance of female education to raise enlightened male citizens.

Republican Party

Anti-Slavery party formed in 1854 opposed to the extension of slavery into U.S. territories.

Thomas Jefferson

Secretary of State under Washington and leader of the Republican party opposing Hamilton's policies.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution that established Haiti as the first independent Black Republic.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

1798 resolutions condemning the Alien and Sedition Acts, advocating for state judgment on federal laws.

Washington’s “Farewell Address”

Washington's final speech warning against political parties and permanent foreign alliances.

Washington D.C.’s Location

Chosen as the U.S. capital to compromise between Hamilton and Southern States supporting his financial plan.

Whiskey Rebellion

1794 uprising by farmers against an unpopular whiskey tax, quelled by President Washington.

XYZ Affair

A 1797 incident where French officials demanded bribes from U.S. diplomats, leading to widespread outrage.