Midterm review history

What are some characteristics of slavery in the pre-modern world compared to the Atlantic world?

While the Atlantic world primarily revolved around chattel slavery with an emphasis on economic exploitation and racial hierarchies, the pre-modern world exhibited a wider range of slavery practices, including debt bondage and diverse social roles that were less rigidly defined.

What were the primary beliefs and practices of Islam?

The core beliefs and practices of Islam encompass the belief in one God (Allah), adherence to the Five Pillars, which include the declaration of faith, performing prayer, engaging in almsgiving, fasting during Ramadan, and undertaking pilgrimage to Mecca, each demanding a deeper understanding of their implications.

What factors contributed to the success of the Ottoman Empire?

The success of the Ottoman Empire can be attributed to a combination of military innovations, strategic use of gunpowder, cultural tolerance that permitted diverse populations to coexist, as well as sophisticated economic systems that fostered trade and governance.

What did Professor Lee discuss regarding gendered ideals in the late 18th and early 19th centuries?

Professor Lee addressed the evolving notions of gender roles such as Republican Motherhood, highlighting women's influence in cultivating virtuous citizens for the republic, alongside the Cult of Domesticity, which idealized women's duties largely confined to the home yet impacted societal views on women's capacities beyond domesticity.

What is the definition of liberalism?

Liberalism is articulated as a political ideology centered on individual liberties, the enforcement of the rule of law, the principles of democracy, civil rights, and the pursuit of social equality, each of which invites critical examination of its implementations across different contexts.

Why was Luther’s reform considered 'The Reformation'?

Luther's reforms are deemed 'The Reformation' because they represented a profound departure from established Catholic doctrines, focusing on personal faith and scripture's authority, inciting widespread theological debates and leading to the formation of various Protestant sects.

How did Confucianism impact East Asian society?

Confucianism significantly influenced East Asian societies by establishing hierarchies predicated on familial relationships, advocating values such as filial piety, and informing governance with a focus on moral integrity, thereby shaping cultural norms and expectations.

In what way did the Industrial Revolution create 'class consciousness'?

The Industrial Revolution fostered 'class consciousness' through the delineation of distinct social strata, wherein workers began to recognize their socioeconomic plight in comparison to affluent industrialists, leading to unique labor movements and calls for social reforms.

Why is the French Revolution considered 'the Revolution' of the modern world?

The French Revolution is regarded as 'the Revolution' due to its introduction of revolutionary concepts like citizenship and rights, which prompted worldwide democratic movements and significantly altered perspectives on governance and political engagement.

How did China and Japan respond to European presence among them?

China and Japan's responses to European encroachment included implementing isolationist policies, engaging in selective trade agreements, and, at times, resorting to military response to safeguard national sovereignty, reflecting different strategic outlooks on foreign power.

What distinguishes the modern technical age from previous eras?

The modern technical age is marked by unprecedented technological advances, the emergence of digital communication and the internet, as well as intense globalization that interconnected economies and cultures, requiring critical analysis of its societal impacts.