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BIOL 215 Lecture 5
BIOL 215 Lecture 5
Eukaryotic Subcellular Structures (Continued)
Vacuoles
Vacuoles
: storage compartments formed by a lipid bilayer
Plant cells
have
one large vacuole
while
animal cells
have
multiple small vacuoles
Different functions of vacuoles
The central vacuole in plants
stores organic molecules and water
is responsible for creating
turgor pressure
to support the plant
maintains fluid balance
Phagosomes
: vacuoles storing food that the cell takes in
Contractile vacuoles
: vacuoles that expand and contract to expel excess water in the cell
They are responsible for osmoregulation
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are found in most eukaryotes
Photosynthetic organisms also have mitochondria!!
Mitochondria are the
site of cellular respiration
Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts are the
site of photosynthesis
They are only found in photosynthetic eukaryotes
Cellular Evolution
Origin of the Endomembrane System
The endomembrane system originated from the
infolding of the plasma membrane
to increase available surface area.
Endosymbiotic Theory
Symbiosis
: a close, long-term interaction between two species
The modern mitochondria and chloroplasts used to be free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by larger prokaryotes
Mitochondria
are related to
proteobacteria
Chloroplasts
are related to
cyanobacteria
The mitochondria or chloroplast and the larger prokaryotic cell developed a symbiotic relationship
They became so dependent on each other that they became one cell
Evidence for the Endosymbiotic Theory
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are
similar in size to prokaryotes
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
replicate by binary fission
They have a
double membrane
The inner membrane is similar to a prokaryotic plasma membrane
Outer membrane maybe originated from phagocytosis when the mitochondria or chloroplast was engulfed by a large prokaryote
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have
70S ribosomes
Their genome is
circular
Genome sequence similarity
The mitochondrial genome is similar to proteobacterial genomes
The chloroplast genome is similar to cyanobacterial genomes
Reduced organelle genomes
The mitochondria or chloroplast and host transferred DNA amongst each other by horizontal gene transfer
Horizontal gene transfer:
non-sexual movement of genetic information between genomes of the same generation
Lots of genes needed by the mitochondria or chloroplast are now in the nucleus
These genes are similar to genomes of proteobacteria or cyanobacteria
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Chapter 38: Poisoning by Therapeutic Substances
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Chapter 10: Language Variation
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Studied by 11 people
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Arthritis Pain of the Shoulder
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Studied by 8 people
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Chapter 26 - Alliances, War, and a Troubled Peace
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Studied by 21 people
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Chapter 5: Cell Structure and Function
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Studied by 157 people
4.4
(5)
Ethnic Cleansing and The Second Seminole War
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Studied by 6 people
5.0
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