Research and Evaluation Exam 2 Prep

1-20:CH5. 21-40:CH6. 41-60:CH7. 61-80:CH8

A ____ describes a sample that fails to include certain types of individuals or groups that are part of the population.

1. Bias

2. Cluster

3. Inference

4. Strata

Bias

A numeric summary of an element about a population, like the victimization rate, is known as the ______.

1. partial enumeration

2. sample statistic

3. population parameter

4. inference

population parameter

A researcher demonstrating an ecological fallacy is applying conclusions about a group or organization to _____.

1. geographic regions

2. individuals

3. social artifacts

4. interactions

individuals

A researcher demonstrating an individualist fallacy is applying conclusions about an individual unit of analysis to a(n) _____..

1. geographic region

2. interaction

3. social artifact

4. group or organization

group or organization

Availability sampling, accidental sampling, and haphazard sampling is also called _____ sampling.

1. purposive

2. convenience

3. snowball

4. quota

convenience

Conclusions drawn about a population based on evidence and reasoning derived from a sample are called _____.

1. Fallacies

2. Inferences

3. Bias

4. Generalizability

Inferences

Cuevas' research focused on which of the following populations?

1. Latino teens

2. disadvantaged male youth

3. criminal victimizations

4. high school truancies

Latino teens

If a sample is selected through a process in which every population element has a known, nonzero chance of being selected, the process is called _____.

1. nonprobability sampling

2. probability sampling

3. sampling frame

4. sampling elements

probability sampling

Believing that all the students at a university have high IQ because five students surveyed have high IQs is called  _____.

1. bias

2. sampling error

3. reductionism

4. generalizability

generalizability

When each element in the population has a known, and equal probability of being selected into a sample, this type of probability sampling is called _____.

1. simple random sampling

2. systematic sampling

3. stratified sampling

4. cluster sampling

simple random sampling

A major distinction between the majority of qualitative and quantitative inquiry is _____.

1. Triangulation

2. Inductive reasoning

3. saturation

4. Ethnography

Inductive reasoning

A useful method for gathering qualitative data from individuals, small groups, or larger groups, like a focus group, can be _____.

1. Interviews

2. Observations

3. Fieldwork

4. Document examination

Interviews

An approach in which the researcher begins with broad or general statements and moves to the more specific to develop additional research questions is referred to as _____.

1. content analysis

2. deductive reasoning

3. follow-up probes

4. Ethnography

deductive reasoning

Developing empathy for a participant in a study is a sign of _____.

1. unstructured interviewing

2. going native

3. saturation

4. role conception

going native

Dodge's qualitative research focused on which of the following?

1. female police officers used as decoys in prostitution

2. Latino teen dating violence

3. recidivism rates among ex-convicts

4. habitual offenders

female police officers used as decoys in prostitution

Identifying relationships between categories by focusing on the preliminary analytic categories or labels is a process of ______ coding.

1. Systematic

2. Open

3. Axial

4. Selective

Open

Qualitative research that is based on examination of documents uses which of the following as units of analysis?

1. groups or organizations

2. social artifacts

3. interactions

4. individuals

social artifacts

Which situation describes a researcher "going native?"

1. maintaining objectivity regarding the topic of study

2. observing without making value judgments

3. becoming invested in, or enamored with, an individual or group

4. reporting on the environment, behaviors, activities, and beliefs of the individual or group

becoming invested in, or enamored with, an individual or group

Systematically gathering qualitative data that offers a holistic and comprehensive understanding of the culture, environment, and social traits of individuals or individuals in a group is called _____.

1. ethnography

2. triangulation.

3. purposive sampling

4. Hawthorne effect

ethnography

Which role conception describes a researcher hiding their identity and observing subjects while participating in the subjects' setting?

1.  observer as participant

2. complete participant

3. participant as observer

4. complete observer

complete participant

Pretesting and piloting surveys is imperative because it catches potential errors in survey instruments before they are disseminated to a large sample.

1. True

2. False

True

A pattern of survey questions written so following questions are contingent on the answers to preceding questions is called _____.

1. Loaded

2. Open ended

3. Skip-and-fill

4. Matrix

Open ended

Conducting a 3-month retrospective survey versus a 6-month retrospective survey can help prevent _____.

1. recall bias

2. recency effects

3. respondent burden

4. nonresponse

recall bias

Questions that ask about more than one topic per question, making it unclear which question is being answered, are called _____ questions.

1. Loaded

2. matrix

3. open-ended

4. double-barreled

double-barreled

Recommendations for avoiding challenges with obtaining survey responses that provide useful data include which of those listed below?

1. use jargon and acronyms.

2. include several double-barreled questions.

3. ensure that response categories are mutually exclusive and exhaustive.

4. be sure that font size is at least 10 points.

ensure that response categories are mutually exclusive and exhaustive.

Statements like, "not at all," "a few times," "about once a month, *2-3 times a week," "about once a week," and "more than once a week" are an example of which of Dillman's principles of writing good survey questions?

1. use complete sentences

2. use simple words 

3. Use balanced response sets

4. Use precise estimates

Use precise estimates

The best way to ensure gathering useful respondent data is ____.

1. utilizing an online survey software program

2. utilizing more than one survey mode

3. providing incentives for completion

4. pretesting the survey instrument

pretesting the survey instrument

The proportion of surveys returned relative to the total number of surveys fielded is referred to as a ____.

1. recall bias 

2. nonresponse error

3. respondent burden

4. response rate

response rate

The question "Do you favor or oppose allowing, firearms to be carried on college campuses?" is an example of which of Dillman's principles of writing good survey questions?

1. avoiding double negatives

2. avoiding double-barreled questions

3. using accurate wording

4. using strategies to improve recall

avoiding double negatives

The question "To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement?" is an example of which of Dillman's principles of writing good survey questions?

1. using precise estimates

2. using simple words

3. using as few words as possible

4. using complete sentences

using as few words as possible

When a question sounds controversial or contains assumptions or opinions, and the respondent is influenced to answer a certain way, this question is called ______ question.

1. open-ended 

2. matrix

3. loaded

4. double-barreled

loaded

A threat to internal validity caused by an incident that occurs during an experiment that affects posttest comparisons between the experimental group and the control group is known as _____.

1. History

2. maturation

3. selection bias

4. experimental mortality

History

Another name for predictor variables is _____.

1. dependent variables 

2. independent variables

3. intervening variables

4. confounding factors

independent variables

Internal validity is jeopardized in nonequivalent control group designs due to _____.

1. testing

2. selection bias

3. history

4. statistical regression

selection bias

Natural changes to subjects taking part in an experiment that threaten internal validity are known as ____.

1. history

2. instrumentation

3. testing 

4. Maturation

Maturation

The ability to generalize experimental research findings to the population of interest in the "real world" is referred to as ____.

1. instrumentation 

2. external validity

3. reliability

4. testing

external validity

The most rigorous true experiment is the ____ design.

1. two-group posttest-only

2. static-group comparison

3. two-group pretest-treatment posttest

4. one-shot case

two-group pretest-treatment posttest

When subjects from either the control or experimental group drop out of the research at differential rates because of reasons related to the study's features, it is called _____.

1. maturation

2. selection bias 

3. experimental mortality

4. testing

experimental mortality

Which of the following experiments features randomization?

1. one-shot case study

2. static group design

3. Solomon four-group design

4. before-and-after design

Solomon four-group design

Natural experiments include both a control and an experimental group

1. True

2. False

True

Which of the following requires that the variation in the independent variable occur prior to the variation in the dependent variable?

1. association

2. temporal ordering

3. maturation

4. reliability

temporal ordering