Midterms History-2023

13th Amendment

abolished slavery 1865

The 14th Amendment

It granted citizenship and equal civil and legal rights to African Americans and enslaved people who had been emancipated after the American Civil War. 1868

The 15th Amendment

guaranteed that the right to vote could not be denied based on “race, color, or previous condition 1870

Andrew Johnson

Andrew Johnson was the 17th president of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. He assumed the presidency as he was vice president at the time of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865

Exodusters

It was the first general migration of black people following the Civil War.

The New South

racial segregation and abusive labor practices for poor and especially black people are still a major hallmark of the era.

Sharecropping

Form of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on their portion of land

Jim Crow & Black Codes

a series of restrictive laws that were imposed on African Americans, State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States

Literacy tests

Test to assess literacy skills; historically used for voter disenfranchisement

Poll tax

A poll tax, also known as head tax or capitation, is a tax levied as a fixed sum on every liable individual (typically every adult), without reference to income or resources

Grandfather clause

Provision in which existing cases are exempt from a new rule which will apply to future cases

Booker T Washington vs WEB Dubois

W.E.B. Du Bois believed that civil rights could be attained through revolution movements while Booker T. Washington insisted that civil rights could be achieved through evolution.

Plessy v Ferguson

1896 U.S. Supreme Court case on racial segregation

The Use of Violence—KKK & KKK Acts

an American white supremacist, right-wing terrorist, and hate group

The Election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877

The 1876 United States presidential election, Settlement of the 1876 U.S. presidential election

The Lost Cause Narrative \n

American historical negationist ideology that holds that the cause of the Confederacy during the American Civil War was a just and heroic one

The Gilded Age: Why is it called this?  

\n

ironic comment on the difference between a true golden age and their present time, a period of booming prosperity in the United States that created a class of the super-rich.

Monopoly

exclusive ownership through legal privilege, command of supply, or concerted action.

Oligopoly 

Market form in which a market or industry is dominated by a small number of sellers

Carnegie Steel 

\n

Company was a steel-producing company primarily created by Andrew Carnegie

John Rockefeller

American business magnate and philanthropist

JP Morgan 

\n

a global leader in financial services, offering solutions to the world's most important corporations, governments and institutions in more than 100 countries.

Vertical Integration

Business arrangement in which the supply chain of a company is owned by that company

Horizontal Integration

Increasing production of at the same level of the supply chain through acquisition, merger or internal expansion

Brooklyn Bridge

The Brooklyn Bridge is a hybrid cable-stayed/suspension bridge in New York City, spanning the East River between the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn.

Bessemer Process

The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth furnace.

Thomas Edison

American inventor and businessman

Nicholas Tesla

a Serbian-American inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, and futurist best known for his contributions to the design of the modern alternating current electricity supply system.

AC & DC Power

difference between AC and DC power is the direction the electrons flow. (alternating and direct current)

Sky Scrappers

a very tall building of many stories.

Steam Engine: Inventor & Importance  

\n

James Watt-first practical steam engines were developed to solve a very specific problem: how to remove water from flooded mines

Tenements 

\n

A tenement is a type of building shared by multiple dwellings

Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives 

\n

early publication of photojournalism by Jacob Riis, documenting squalid living conditions in New York City slums in the 1880s. The photographs served as a basis for future "muckraking" journalism by exposing the slums to New York City's upper and middle classes.

Statue of Liberty & Emma Lazarus The New Colossus 

a sonnet by American poet Emma Lazarus (1849–1887). She wrote the poem in 1883 to raise money for the construction of a pedestal for the Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World). In 1903, the poem was cast onto a bronze plaque and mounted inside the pedestal's lower level.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Act of US Congress in 1882 that prohibited all immigration of Chinese laborers

Quota Acts of the 1920’s 

\n

a law passed that allowed a certain amount of people from each country to migrate to the US

Free Market

\n

A free-market is a market, where individuals (or groups of individuals) compete against each other to trade goods and services with other individuals (groups), under a legal system

Capitalism

Capitalism refers to the creation of wealth and ownership of capital, production, and distribution, whereas a free market system has to do with the exchange of wealth or goods and services.

1st Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Great Britain, continental Europe, and the United States, that occurred during the period from around 1760 to about 1820–1840

2nd Industrial Revolution

a phase of rapid scientific discovery, standardization, mass production, and industrialization

Political Machines

In the politics of representative democracies, a political machine is a party organization that recruits its members by the use of tangible incentives

Laissez-faire

Abstention by governments from interfering in the workings of the free market

Boss Tweed

\n

the political boss of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party's political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th-century New York City and state

Thomas Nast

Thomas Nast was a German-born American caricaturist and editorial cartoonist often considered to be the "Father of the American Cartoon".

Lincoln Steffens

Lincoln Austin Steffens was an American investigative journalist and one of the leading muckrakers of the Progressive Era in the early 20th century.

Spoils System 

\n

Practice where a newly elected political party gives civil service jobs to supporters and cronies

William McKinley 

\n

William McKinley was the 25th president of the United States, serving from 1897 until his assassination in 1901.

Dollar Diplomacy

form of American foreign policy to minimize the use or threat of military force and instead further its aims in Latin America and East Asia through the use of its economic power by guaranteeing loans made to foreign countries.

Motivations for Imperialism

\n

Economic Growth

Power & Military Superiority

Nationalism/

Manifest Destiny –

 Religious/Racial Superiority 

\n

Yellow Journalism & jingoism 

\n

Yellow journalism is a pejorative reference to journalism that features scandal-mongering, sensationalism, jingoism or other unethical or unprofessional practices by news media organizations or individual journalists.

What were the arguments for and against imperialism by the US? 

\n

Against Imperialism. It takes a lot of military involvement to maintain control of foreign areas. Against Imperialism. U.S. should stay isolated and protected by the oceans.

Teddy Roosevelt

\n

was an American politician, statesman, soldier, conservationist, naturalist, historian, and writer who served as the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909.

Big Stick Diplomacy 

\n

* The Big Stick Diplomacy is by President Theodore Roosevelt which was based on the theory that the United States could use force to maintain stability in Latin America. It was in the Roosevelt Corollary that the U.S. use “international police power” in Latin America.

Spanish American War

\

a period of armed conflict between Spain and the United States. Hostilities began in the aftermath of the internal explosion of USS Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba, leading to United States intervention in the Cuban War of Independence.

Platt Amendment

\

a treaty between the U.S. and Cuba that attempted to protect Cuba's independence from foreign intervention.

Panama Canal 

\n

The Panama Canal is an artificial 82 km waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean and divides North and South America.

Monroe Doctrine /Roosevelt Corollary

\n

Roosevelt announced the new Latin American policy that soon became known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: because that doctrine forbade European use of force in the New World, the United States would itself take whatever action was necessary to guarantee that Latin American states gave no cause for such European intervention.

Woodrow Wilson 

\n

Thomas Woodrow Wilson was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921.

Moral Diplomacy 

\n

a style of international affairs attempting to motivate foreign countries to become democratic, aligning with the Unites States' values.

World War I  

\n

a war (1914–18) in which the Central Powers (Germany and Austria–Hungary, joined later by Turkey and Bulgaria) were defeated by an alliance of Britain and its dominions, France, Russia, and others, joined later by Italy and the US.

Treaty of Versailles

\n

Most important of the peace treaties of the First World War which ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers

Wilson’s 14 Points

1. Open diplomacy without secret treaties
2. Economic free trade on the seas during war and peace
3. Equal trade conditions
4. Decrease armaments among all nations
5. Adjust colonial claims
6. Evacuation of all Central Powers from Russia and allow it to define its own independence
7. Belgium to be evacuated and restored
8. Return of Alsace-Lorraine region and all French territories
9. Readjust Italian borders
10. Austria-Hungary to be provided an opportunity for self-determination
11. Redraw the borders of the Balkan region creating Roumania, Serbia and Montenegro
12. Creation of a Turkish state with guaranteed free trade in the Dardanelles
13. Creation of an independent Polish state
14. Creation of the League of Nations

League of Nations 

\n

20th-century intergovernmental organisation, predecessor to the United Nations

Global Impact of WWI

severely disrupted the European economies and allowed the United States to become the world's leading creditor and industrial power.

Causes of WWI:

M

A

I

N 

\n

militarism, alliances, imperialism and nationalism

US involvement in WWI: When? Why? How?

\n

April 6 1917, Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare, which had already sunk several American merchant ships. The U.S. was initially contributed to the war by supplying raw material, supplies and money.

Red Summer & Chicago Race Riots

\n

Chicago Race Riot of 1919, most severe of approximately 25 race riots throughout the U.S. in the “Red Summer” (meaning “bloody”)

\
1920’s Immigration Policy & effects

\n

New immigrants were used to break strikes and were blamed for the deterioration in wages and working conditions. Immigrants also increased the demand for already scarce housing, increasing rent pri

Palmer Raids

The Palmer Raids marked the height of the nation's first Red Scare, a response to the Bolshevik Revolution and communist takeover of Russia

Scopes Monkey Trial

\

American legal case from July 10 to July 21, 1925, in which a high school teacher, John T. Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which had made it illegal for teachers to teach human evolution in any state-funded school.

Urban North vs Rural South

\

rural=less people and more land urban= more building and more people

Harlem Renaissance

The Harlem Renaissance was an intellectual and cultural revival of African American music, dance, art, fashion, literature, theater, politics and scholarship centered in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City, spanning the 1920s and 1930s.

Immigrants

a person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country

Graft

form of political corruption in which an official gains something due to a position of power, trust, or insider knowledge.

Candidates for 1896 Election

William McKinley, William J. Bryan

McKinely vs Bryan

Why was this election important?  

Who won the election of 1896? 

Why?  

Because it turned off bryans argarians polices and mickinely forged a conservative coliation. Mikenly won the elcetion. Spanish-American war helped him win.

What were the goals of strikes?  What were often the responses? 

a refusal to work organized by a body of employees as a form of protest, typically in an attempt to gain a concession or concessions from their employer:

Homestead Strike

violent labour dispute between the Carnegie Steel Company and many of its workers that occurred on July 6, 1892

Great Railroad Strike

series of violent rail strikes across the United States in 1877

Pullman Car Strike

The Pullman Strike was two interrelated strikes in 1894 that shaped national labor policy in the United States during a period of deep economic depression.

What was the purpose of labor unions? 

A labor union is an organization formed by workers in a particular trade, industry, or company for the purpose of improving pay, benefits, and working conditions.

Progressives:  Who were they? What problems did they try to solve?

they were people who wanted to make america a better place to live, wanted to solve politcal and social reforms.

Triangle Shirtwaist factory:  causes & effects

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire Causes One of the workers threw an old cigarette butt in the scrap bin. There were many flammable objects/materials used in the factory such as wooden tables, cotton, and paper patterns.

Muckrakers

* The muckrakers were reform-minded journalists in the Progressive Era in the United States (1890s–1920s) who exposed established institutions and leaders as corrupt. They typically had large audiences in popular magazines.

Direct Primary

an election where voters choose the eventual general election candidates for each political party.

17th Amendment

allowing voters to cast direct votes for U.S. Senators

Initiative

the ability to assess and initiate things independently:

Referendum

a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct decision.

Recall 

bring (a fact, event, or situation) back into one's mind; remember:

Temperance

Temperance began in the early 1800s as a movement to limit drinking in the United States.

Prohibition 

the action of forbidding something, especially by law:

Theodore Roosevelt

President of the United States from 1901 to 1909

Why was Teddy Roosevelt unique as a President?

His Platform Inspired Both Conservatives & Progressives.

What was Teddy’s roll in the economy?  

drove America out of the great depression and through the second world war.

Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program, which reflected his three major goals: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection.

Trust Busting

Trust busting is the manipulation of an economy, carried out by governments around the world, in an attempt to prevent or eliminate monopolies and corporate trusts.

The Jungle

A highly influential book by "muckraker" Upton Sinclair

Upton Sinclair

US novelist and social reformer; full name Upton Beall Sinclair. He agitated for social justice in 79 books, including The Jungle (1906) and the 11-volume “Lanny Budd” series (1940–53).

Pure Food and Drug Act

a federal law that mandates for the inspection of meat products and forbids the sales, manufacturing or transportation