BIOC 3021 - Exam 1, things to memorize

alcohol

hydroxyl group attached to carbon, ending “-ol”; if on ring, ending “phenol”

aldehyde

C O DOUBLE bond, attached to one carbon with hydrogen and connected to rest of structure. ending “-al”

ketone

C O double bond attached to carbon which is bonded to TWO OTHER CARBONS. ending “-one”

carboxylic acid

C double bond O with HYDROXYL group and connected to rest of structure. ends in “-oic”

phosphate

phosphorous atom bonded to four oxygen atoms — one oxygen atom is attached to a carbon chain

amine

nitrogen atom with lone pair of electrons attached to carbon chain. ends in “-amine”

alkane

Formula: CₙH₂ₙ₊₂

straight chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms, no carbon-carbon double or triple bonds. ends in “-ane”

alkene

Formula: CₙH₂ₙ

unsaturated, carbon-carbon double bond. note cis and trans isomers. ends in “-ene”

Alanine

Ala, A

Arginine

Arg, R

asparagine

Asn, N

Aspartic Acid

Asp, D

cysteine

Cys, C

Glutamine

Gln, Q

Glutamic acid

Glu, E

Glycine

Gly, G

Histidine

His, H

Isoleucine

Ile, I

Leucine

Leu, L

lysine

Lys, K

Methionine

Met, M

Phenylalanine

Phe, F

Proline

Pro, P

Serine

Ser, S

Threonine

Thr, T

Tryptophan

Trp, W

Tyrosine

Tyr, Y

Valine

Val, V

Asparagine or aspartic acid

Asx, B

Glutamine or glutamic acid

Glx, Z

simplest amino acid, glycine

H as R group, can occupy any position. No chiral center

polar amino acids

Serine, Threonine, Cysteine, Aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine, tyrosine, histidine, lysine, arginine

Hydrophilic, on exterior face of protein

Non polar amino acids

Alanine, Valine, Leucine, isoleucine, methionine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan

Hydrophobic, clusters on the inside of proteins

Proline properties

Imino group, causes bends and turns in proteins due to being incompatible with alpha helices or beta sheets

phenylalanine and tryptophan

contain aromatic phenyl rings, can absorb UV

valine structure

leucine structure

arginine structure

aspartic acid structure

glutamic acid structure

glutamine structure

glycine structure

histidine structure

isoleucine structure

methionine structure

phenylalanine structure

serine structure

alanine structure

lysine structure

tyrosine structure

proline structure

cysteine structure

threonine structure

asparagine structure

tryptophan structure

alanine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, proline, valine

aliphatic amino acids

phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine

aromatic amino acids

aspartic acid and glutamic acid

acidic amino acids

arginine, histidine, lysine

basic amino acids

serine and threonine

hydroxylic amino acids (has -OH group on R)

asparagine and glutamine

amidic amino acids (has amide group on R)

cysteine and methionine

sulfur containing amino acids

isoleucine, leucine, valine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine, lysine, threonine, methionine

essential amino acids (must be in diet)