Biology Unit 1 (Biodiversity)

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What is a species?

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  • Breed freely

  • Produce fertile offspring

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Carl Linnaeus

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  • Taxonomy (organizes species based on morphology)

  • Binomial Nomenclature

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53 Terms

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What is a species?

  • Breed freely

  • Produce fertile offspring

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Carl Linnaeus

  • Taxonomy (organizes species based on morphology)

  • Binomial Nomenclature

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Binomial Nomenclature

  • 2 part latin name assigned to each species

  • Genus name + species name

  • Genus name is capitalized and species name is not

  • Everything is italicized

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Taxonomy

  • The science of naming, identifying, and classifying organisms according to different groups

  • Each group is called a taxon

  • 7 total taxons

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Taxons

  • Domain

  • Kingdom

  • Phylum

  • Class

  • Order

  • Family

  • Genus

  • Species

  • Did King Phillip Come Over For Good Soup

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6 Kingdoms

  • Plantae

  • Animalia

  • Fungi

  • Protista

  • Eubacteria

  • Archaebacteria

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Plantae

  • Multicellular

  • Eukaryotic

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Animalia

  • Multicellular

  • Eukaryotic

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Fungi

  • Multicellular

  • Eukaryotic

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Protista

  • Uni/Multi-Cellular

  • Eukaryotic

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Eubacteria

  • Unicellular

  • Prokaryotic

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Archaebacteria

  • Unicellular

  • Prokaryotic

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3 Domains

  • Archaea

  • Bacteria

  • Eukarya

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Viruses

  • Not considered living

  • Lack cellular structure

  • Cannot metabolise energy

  • Obligate parasites (cannot reproduce on their own)

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Viral particles

  • Can be between 10-300 nm in size

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Structure of virus

  • Genetic material (DNA/RNA) is surrounded in a protein coat called a capsid

  • Capsid is made of caposmeres

  • Also can be another layer called the enveloppe that surrounds the capsid and is found in animal viruses

  • The enveloppe is derived from the membrane of the host animal cell

  • Protein spikes may protrude from the viral particle

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Strains of viruses

  • Designed to attack different organisms

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Virus classification

  • Classified based on genetic material

  • Shape of protein coat

  • Type of host

  • Presence of enveloppe

  • Genetic material determines traits and what protein is manufactured

  • Inherited by parents

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Virus shapes

  • Cylindrical

  • Polyhedral

  • Spherical

  • Bacteriophage

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Bacteriophage

  • Virus that only infects bacteria

  • Can kill good bacteria that live in our guts which can cause irritable bowel syndrome or crohns disease

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DNA vs RNA

  • Deoxyribonucleic acid (double stranded)

  • Ribonucleic acid (single stranded)

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DNA

  • blueprint that codes all proteins required to function

  • DNA → mRNA → Protein

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How does a virus infect a cell

  • By inserting its nuclei acid into the cell

  • The viral acid then enters one of two cycles

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The Lysogenic cycle

  • Only DNA viruses and retroviruses

  • Done before the lytic cycle

  • Viruses can be in this cycle for years

  1. Attachment and entry - The virus attaches to the host cell

  2. Integration - viral nucleic acid becomes a part of the host cells nuclei. Acid through insertion by protein spikes. Provirus is a viral section of DNA that has become part of the host cells DNA

  3. Multiplication of genome - the host cell replicates normally including the viral genome

  4. Cell division - two identical cells with viral DNA are now the result

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The lytic cycle

  • All viruses eventually go through this cycle

  • Viruses can switch back and forth between cycles

  1. Attachment - virus attaches to the host cell

  2. Insertion - viral genetic material enters the cell

  3. Replication - the viral DNA communicates with the cells RNA which translates through the ribosome into viral proteins

  4. Assembly - new viral proteins are assembled into viruses

  5. Lysis and release - the host cell is destroyed and the viruses are released into the host

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RNA viruses

  • enter host cells and provide its own instructions

  • Does not interact with DNA

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Retroviruses

  • Intruct host cell to translate viral RNA into DNA using an enzyme called Reverse Transcriptase

  • External stimuli can activate the viral DNA causing it to produce viral proteins

  • Ex: HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS which impacts the immune system

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Immune Response

  • Non-Specific (Skin, mucous, general white blood cells)

  • Specific (Cellular immunity, antibody immunity)

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Vaccines can provide:

  • Active immunity (stimulate the body to produce antibodies against the disease (long term immunity))

  • Passive immunity (Antibodies are given from one individual to the other individual (usually temporarily))

  • Passive immunity ex: Breast milk and placenta

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3 lines of defense

  • 1st line (mucous, skin)

  • 2nd line (Inflammatory response like ma)

  • 3rd line (B Cells and T Cells)

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RNA Virus Vaccine

  • The vaccine injects mRNA into the body

  • Cells use mRNA to make protein that mimics viral proteins structure

  • The immune system recognizes the protein as foreign, mounts a defense, and creates memory cells

  • If the body encounters the virus in the future, the immune system will know how to deal with it.

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Prokaryotes

  • Single celled organisms with no membrane bound organelles

  • Contain cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, single stranded DNA, cell wall

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Eukaryotes

  • Single/ multi cellular organisms with membrane bound organelles

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Kingdom Archaea Structure

  • Cell wall of protein

  • Doesn’t respond to anitbiotics

  • DNA, RNA, Protein synthesis mechinery

  • Extremophiles

  • Reproduction

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Kingdom Eubacteria Structure

  • Cell wall of peptidoglycan

  • DNA, RNA, protein synthesis machinery

  • Mesophiles

  • Reproduction

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Kingdom Archaea and Eubacteria Similarities

  • Single celled prokaryotes

  • Ribosomes, cell wall

  • Common ancestor

  • Size/shape

  • mesophiles

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Methods of classification

  • Shape

  • Gram staining

  • Habitat

  • Nutrition

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Shape

  • Coccus

  • Bacillus

  • Spirochetes

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Gram Staining

  • Gram negative (Pink) means it has a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by a layer of lipids

  • Gram positive (Purple) means it has a thick layer of peptidoglycan

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Habitat

  • Mesophiles like moderate temp (15-40)

  • Extremophiles

    • Methanogens produce methane gas and are found in some animals guts and decompose sewage

    • Thermophiles love heat

    • Halophiles love salt

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Nutrition

  • Autotrophs make their own organic compounds

    • Chemoautotrophs rely on the oxidation of inorganic substances

    • Photoautotrophs use light

  • Heterotrophs break down organic compounds from their surrounding environment

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Binary Fission

  • A type of asexual reproduction where there is a separation of the parent cell into two new daughter cells

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Conjugation

  • Where two bacterial cells connect with a protein bridge and plasmid is transferred to one of the cells which leads to 2 genetically modified bacteria

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Transformation

  • Bacteria takes up DNA through the cell wall from surrounding environment

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Transduction

  • when a virus injects foreign DNA into bacterium

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Endospore Formation

  • If survival conditions are not ideal bacteria will form a thick wall (endospore) around DNA and cytoplasm

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Protists

  • Eukaryotes

  • Uni/Multi cellular

  • Aerobic

  • Lack specialized features

  • No embryos or complete sex organs

  • Some are motile

  • Most diverse group of eukaryotes and are classified together because they don’t fit anywhere else

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Endosymbiosis

  • Theory that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes

  • Involves one organism taking permanent residence in another organism and eventually evolving as one

  • Backed by the fact that mitochondria and chlorplast have their own DNA and are the same size as a prokaryote suggesting they derived from Binary fission and formed a eukaryotic cell together.

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Symbiosis

  • Symbiosis of mitochondria occured earlier than chloroplast

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Importance of protists

  • Cover lakes and oceans and are the basis for marine and freshwater food chains

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Animal like protists

  • Heterotrophs

  • Some are parasites

  • Can reproduce asexually or sexually

  • Move using

    • cilia ( hair like projections)

    • Flagella ( Tail like projections)

    • Pseudopods ( Temporary projections that push its body, fluid within the cell is pushedagainst the cell wall which causes it to extend)

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Plant like protists

  • Use photosynthesis (photoautotrophs)

  • Can reproduce asexually or sexually

  • Ex : Euglenoid

    • unicelullar

    • flagella

    • phoautotroph during the day

    • heterotroph at night

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Fungus like protists

  • Consume nutrients from living or dead organisms (decomposes)

  • Some water moulds are parasites