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Chapter 1: Introduction, Chapter 1: History and Modern Perspectives, Chapter 1: Research, Chapter 1: Statistics and Ethics
Wilhelm Wundt
Father of modern psychology, established the first psychology laboratory in 1879.
Edward Titchener
Associated with Structuralism, focused on analyzing the structure of conscious experiences.
William James
Founder of Functionalism, emphasized the purpose of conscious thoughts for adaptation.
Sigmund Freud
Developed Psychoanalysis, highlighting the role of the unconscious in behavior.
John Watson
Introduced Behaviorism in 1913, advocating for the study of observable behavior only.
B.F Skinner
Expanded Behaviorism in the 1930s-1950s, known for operant conditioning and reinforcement theories.
Max Wertheimer
Established Gestalt Psychology, asserting that the whole experience is greater than its parts.
Charles Darwin
Influenced psychology with his Theory of Evolution and natural selection, published in 1859.
Scientific Revolution
A key moment in the 1600s that emphasized systematic study through observation and evidence.
René Descartes
Introduced mind-body dualism in the 1600s, influencing philosophical foundations of psychology.
John Locke
Proposed the "Tabula rasa" concept, suggesting the mind is a blank slate at birth.
Research Psychology
Focuses on discovering information about behavior and mental processes.
Applied Psychology
Uses research findings to help people and apply information in practical settings.
Biological/Neuroscience Approach
Examines brain functions and biological influences on behavior.
Evolutionary Approach
Explains behavior through adaptation, building on Darwin’s ideas.
Psychodynamic Approach
Expands on Freud’s theories regarding unconscious influences on behavior.
Cognitive Approach
Studies mental processes such as perception, memory, and decision-making.
Humanistic Approach
Emphasizes personal growth and the potential of individuals.
Sociocultural Approach
Investigates how society and culture impact behavior.
Scientific Method
A systematic process involving observation, hypothesis, data collection, and conclusion.
Theory-Data Cycle
The relationship between theory, research questions, design, hypotheses, and data.
Descriptive Research
Aims to report natural behavior without influence, using methods like surveys and observations.
Experimental Research
Seeks to establish cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating conditions.
Variable
Any observable or measurable factor in research.
Third Variable Problem
The influence of an unmeasured factor on the relationship between two variables.
Independent Variable
The factor manipulated in an experiment to observe its effect.
Dependent Variable
The outcome measured in an experiment.
Experimenter Bias
When a researcher unintentionally influences participant responses.
Confirmation Bias
The tendency to interpret evidence in a way that supports prior beliefs.
Double-Blind Procedure
Both participants and experimenters are unaware of treatment conditions to reduce bias.
Random Sampling
A method to minimize sampling bias, ensuring even distribution across groups.
Descriptive Statistics
Use numbers to report percentages, averages, and frequencies from a sample.
Inferential Statistics
Use sample data to make inferences about a larger population.
Statistical Significance
A calculation determining the likelihood that observed results are due to chance.
Ethical Principle
Beneficence and nonmaleficence, ensuring participant safety and well-being.
Ethical Principle
Fidelity and Responsibility, promoting trust and accepting responsibility in research.
Ethical Principle
Integrity, promoting accuracy and honesty in research practices.
Ethical Principle
Justice, ensuring fair treatment of all participants in research.
Ethical Principle
Respect for People's Rights and Dignity, including informed consent in research.
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