joints and ligaments of the upper limb

sternoclavicular joint type

type: synovial, saddle

sternoclavicular joint articular surfaces

articular surfaces: clavicle, sternum, first costal cartilage

sternoclavicular joint ligaments

ligaments:

• anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments

• interclavicular ligaments

• costoclavicular ligaments

acromioclavicular joint type

type: synovial, plane

acromioclavicular joint articular surfaces

articular surfaces: lateral end of clavicle, medial acromion of scapula

acromioclavicular joint ligaments

ligaments:

• conoid ligaments

• trapezoid

coracoacromial ligament

articular surfaces: coracoid process to acromion

• forms coracoacromial arch over humeral head, prevents superior displacement of humerus coracoid process to acromion

suprascapular (superior transverse scapular) ligament

articular surfaces: suprascapular notch

• on suprascapular notch, nerve pass under ligaments, and artery and vein pass over

spinoglenoid (inferior transverse scapular) ligament

articular surfaces: lateral border of scapular spine to margin of glenoid

• forms tunnel for supascapular nerve and vessels to pass from supra to infraspinatus fossa

glenohumeral joint type

type: synovial, ball-and-socket

glenohumeral joint articular surfaces

articular surfaces: head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula

glenohumeral joint ligaments

ligaments:

• glenohumeral (S,M,I)

• coracohumeral

• transverse humeral

• coracoacromial arch

what are the structures that perforate the capsule of the shoulder joint?

long head of biceps brachii tendon

what are the bursae of the shoulder joint? (4)

subacromial bursa, subdeltoid bursa, supscapular bursa, subcoracoid bursa

what structures stabilize the shoulder joint? (5)

rotator cuff muscles, glenoid labrum, joint capsule and ligaments, long head of biceps tendon, coracoacromial arch

what movements cause shoulder dislocation?

when arm is abducted and externally rotated

• head of humerus dislocates anteriorly and inferiorly from glenoid

elbow joint type

type: synovial, hinge

elbow joint articular surfaces

articular surfaces: humerus, radius, ulna

• capitulum to radius

• trochlea to ulna

elbow joint ligaments

ligaments:

• ulnar collateral ligaments

• radial collateral

• annular ligament

• quadrate ligament

superior (proximal) radioulnar joint type

type: synovial, pivot

superior (proximal) radioulnar joint articular surfaces

articular surfaces: proximal ends of radius and ulna

superior (proximal) radioulnar joint ligaments

ligaments: annular ligament, quadrate ligament

radioulnar joint movement

action: pronation, supination

middle radioulnar joint type

type: fibrous, syndesmosis

middle radioulnar joint articular surfaces

articular surfaces: interosseous membrane of forearm

middle radioulnar joint ligaments

ligaments: oblique cord

inferior (distal) radioulnar joint type

type: synovial, pivot

inferior (distal) radioulnar joint articular surfaces

articular surfaces: convex head of ulna to ulnar notch of radius

radiocarpal joint type

type: synovial, condyloid

radiocarpal joint articular surfaces

articular surfaces: distal radius to scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum

radiocarpal joint ligaments

ligaments:

• palmar radiocarpal joint

• dorsal radiocarpal

• ulnar collateral

• radial collateral

carpometacarpal joint type

type: synovial, saddle, and plane

carpometacarpal joint ligaments

ligaments: dorsal and palmar carpometacarpal ligaments, interosseous ligaments

metacarpal phalangeal type

type: condyloid

metacarpal phalangeal ligaments

ligaments:

• collateral ligaments

• palmar

• deep transverse metacarpal

interphalangeal joint type

type: synovial, hinge

interphalangeal joint ligaments

ligaments:

• medial collateral

• lateral collateral

the medial intermuscular septum connects

connects brachial fascia to medial supracondylar ridge of humerus

the medial intermuscular septum extends from

extends from part of lesser tubercle crest of humerus to medial epicondyle

the medial intermuscular septum gives attachments to

attaches:

• biceps brachii

• brachialis

• coracobrachialis

the lateral intermuscular system connects

connects brachial fascia to lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

the lateral intermuscular system extends from

extends from lower part of the crest of the greater tubercle to lateral side

the lateral intermuscular system gives attachments to

attaches:

• deltoid

• triceps brachii

• biceps brachii

• brachioradialis

• extensor carpi radialis longus

ulnar bursa

bursa for flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus tendons to little finger

radial bursa

bursa for flexor pollicis longus tendon to thumb

digital synovial sheaths

sheaths that surround the tendons of fingers (index, middle, ring)

attachments of flexor retinaculum of the wrist (medially and laterally)

medially: pisiform and hook of hamate

laterally: scaphoid tubercle and trapezium

palmar aponeurosis attachment

attachment:

• proximally: flexor retinaculum, palmaris longus

• distally: slips for fingers blending with fibrous digital sheaths

extensor expansion/aponeurosis

each extensor tendon is held in place by a fibrous extensor expansion which runs from metacarpophalangeal joint into each digit

• forms moveable hoods over dorsal aspect of each digit

muscles that produce pronation

• pronator teres

• pronator quadratus

muscles that produce supination

• supinator

• biceps brachii