MODULE 16

1. contaminated pools

MOT: OTITIS EXTERNA

UNICELLAR

IS BACTERIA UNI /MULTI CELLULAR?

plasmid

Extra circle of genetic material

STAPHYLOCOCCAL SKIN INFECTION

Common type of bacteria that live on skin & mucous membrane

STAPHYLOCOCCAL SKIN INFECTION

Most common in pre-pubertal children & healthcare workers

STAPHYLOCOCCAL SKIN INFECTION

15-20% are carriers but without infection

S. Aureus

Causes dry skin injuries

1. Direct contact
2. INDIRECT

MOT: STAPHYLOCOCCAL SKIN INFECTION (2)

STAPHYLOCOCCAL SKIN INFECTION

Abscess (large, redness, painful)
Boil or furuncle (superficial)
Fever
Carbuncle (cluster of boils)
Cellulitis (subcutaneous)

1. WOUND HYGIENE
2. IF ABSCESS - SURGICALLY REMOVED
3. ANTIBIOTICS

MANAGEMENT OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL SKIN INFECTION

Abscess

S/S: STAPHYLOCOCCAL SKIN INFECTION; Large, redness, painful)

Boil or furuncle

S/S: STAPHYLOCOCCAL SKIN INFECTION; superficial

Carbuncle

S/S: STAPHYLOCOCCAL SKIN INFECTION;(cluster of boils)

Cellulitis

S/S: STAPHYLOCOCCAL SKIN INFECTION; (subcutaneous)

Proper hygiene when caring for skin wounds
Avoid close contact with possible infected individuals
If abscesses are present, they are surgically
drained
Antibiotic therapy (hydrogen peroxide)

MOT: STAPHYLOCOCCAL SKIN INFECTION (4)

STREPTOCOCCAL SKIN INFECTIONS

includes impetigo, scarlet fever, erysipelas, necrotizing fasciitis

STREPTOCOCCAL SKIN INFECTIONS

Bacteria that are capable of causing skin
disease through means other than direct
infection of the skin

Respi, GU, GI

STREPTOCOCCAL SKIN INFECTIONS: commonly found harmless in \____, \_____, and, \_____

Streptococcus pyogenes

Also known as group A β-hemolytic
streptococcus, GAS, and "Strep A."

1. direct

MOT: STREPTOCOCCAL SKIN INFECTIONS

ill people

STREPTOCOCCAL SKIN INFECTIONS have greatest risk in

false: S. pyogenes has not yet developed resistance to penicillin

t or f: S. pyogenes has developed resistance to penicillin

STREPTOCOCCAL SKIN INFECTIONS

Red, weeping skin sores (moist)
- Fever
- Severe pain, swelling at the wound site

1. keep all wounds clean
2. watch for possible signs of infection
3. antibiotic

management for STREPTOCOCCAL SKIN INFECTIONS (3)

1. handwash

main prevention for STREPTOCOCCAL SKIN INFECTIONS

PSEUDOMONAS

A clinically significant and opportunistic pathogen, often causing nosocomial infections

PSEUDOMONAS

Caused by any of several types of the Gram-negative bacteria

burn pt

pseudomonas; greatest risk

1. direct
2. fomites: contaminated water

MOT: pseudomonas

pseudomonas

- Blue-green color
- Chills
- Fever
- Pain
- Headache
- Pus accumulation & abscess

penicillin, Doxycycline, Ceftazidim

pseudomonas meds

1.cautious of tubs

pseudomonas management

OTITIS EXTERNA

Inflammation of the outer ear, ear canal and skin of the ear canal secondary to dermatitis

Dermatitis

OTITIS EXTERNA is the Inflammation of skin of the ear canal secondary to \______

OTITIS EXTERNA

Causes earache

OTITIS EXTERNA

- Erythema
- Edema & narrowing external auditory canal
- Pain
- Swelling, pruritus of ear canal
- Purulent discharges
- Feeling of fullness or pressure

keep ears dry

OTITIS EXTERNA management (main)

OTITIS MEDIA

Inflammation of the middle ear

tympanic membrane and inner ear
and eustachian tube

OTITIS MEDIA: Inflammation of the middle ear between the, \_____ and \_____ and \_____

OTITIS MEDIA

Most common reason why children are brought to
the doctors

(shorter tube, more horizontal, easy entry)

why are children risk of OTITIS MEDIA

allergy, infection, and blockage of the eustachian tube

Possible causes of otitis media include (3)

- Direct bacterial invasion usually after sore
throat, cold, UTI
- Fluid builds up behind the eardrum

MOT: otitis media (2)

OTITIS MEDIA

- Earache
- irritability
- fever
- tugging, pulling at the ear
- sleeping trouble
- slight hearing loss
- tinnitus
- sense of fullness
- headache & fluid leak
- problem with balance

OTITIS MEDIA

Avoid exposure to secondhand smoke

NEONATAL CONJUNCTIVITIS

Form of bacterial conjunctivitis contracted by newborns during delivery

Contact with infected birth canal during
delivery

MOT: NEONATAL CONJUNCTIVITIS

NEONATAL CONJUNCTIVITIS

Redness of eyes
- Swelling of eyelids
- Mucopurulent discharges
- Present during first month of life

Antenatal measures

Management: NEONATAL CONJUNCTIVITIS

Eye drops or ointments containing erythromycin or tetracycline are typically used

Crede's Prophylaxis

meds;

Crede's Prophylaxis

2% silver nitrate
solution into the conjunctiva of reasons to prevent opthalmia neonatorum

TRACHOMA

Highly contagious, acute, or chronic conjunctival inflammation

TRACHOMA

Results in scarring of cornea and conjunctiva, deformation of eyelids, and blindness

1. Direct contact with secretions

MOT: TRACHOMA

Trachoma

Pus-filled eye discharge - Swollen turned-in eyelids - Turned-in eyelashes- Conjunctivitis- Cloudy cornea- Blindness

yes, entropion or
ectropion repair

is surgery suitable for trachoma

facial cleanliness

management: trachoma

Group A

Strep throat: Pharyngitis caused by \_____ streptococcal infection that affects the pharynx including the tonsils and possibly the larynx

STREP THROAT

Most common bacterial infection of throat

kidneys and heart

STREP THROAT can affect

1. droplet
2. contaminated milk

MOT: STREP THROAT

STREP THROAT

- Difficulty swallowing- Pain- Enlarged tonsils & cervical lymph nodes - Halitosis
- Sore throat- Fever- Beefy red throat with yellow / white patches

ASO TITER: Antistreptolysin O Titer

diagnosis for STREP THROAT

Hand hygiene
suck hard candies

management for STREP THROAT

TUBERCULOSIS

Tonsillectomy

Reasonable preventative measure in those
with frequent throat infections

tuberculosis

Lung infection characterized by the formation of lesions mainly in the lungs

R,I- ○ Rifampicin
○ Isoniazid

tb: meds for primary complex

1. airborne droplets
2. cattle
3. unpasteurized milk

MOT: TB

yes, but rarely

can tb be transmitted thru skin lesion?

TB

Productive cough that lasts 2 weeks or longer SOB
Fever, night sweats
Chills, fatigue, weight loss
Chest pain, hemoptysis
Sputum (+) for AFB

minimal

TB: Small lesions without demonstrable
excavation that are confined to a small part
of one of both lungs

moderately advance

TB: One or both lungs may be involved
○ Volume affected should not extend to one
lobe
○ Cavity should not exceed 4 cm

advance

TB: More extensive than moderate

tuberculin skin test

tb: test for exposure

Sputum analysis for AFB
● Chest X-ray
● Tuberculin testing: PPD (Purified Protein Derivative)
or Mantoux test

dx for tb

DOTS (Directly Observed Therapy): RIPES
○ Rifampicin
○ Isoniazid
○ Pyrazinamide
○ Ethambutol
○ Streptomycin

management; TB

BCG vaccination of babies

prevention for TB:

PNEUMONIA

Inflammation of lung parenchyma causing consolidation of lung tissue (airsacs)

LOBAR:

affect 1 or more lobe of the lungs (mostly right)

BRONCHOPNEUMONIA:

scattered, small inflammation usually more numerous at the base

Pneumonia

Often a secondary infection that follows a primary viral respiratory infection
○ Most common fatal infection acquired in hospitals

Droplet inhalation from infected person
Indirect contact with fomites

MOT: pneumonia

Pneumonia

High-grade fever- Tachypnea- Productive cough with rusty / cream / red currant /
green colored sputum- Pleuritic chest pain (during inspire & expire) - Chills- Rales

rales and crackles

Pneumonia:
a. rales
b. crackles
c. wheezes
d. stridor

standard

precaution for pneumonia

penicillin

meds pneumonia

avoid contact, environment

prevention for pneumonia

yes, Pneumococcal and influenza vaccination

are there vax for pneumonia?

pneumonia

increase zinc intake is for

PSITTACOSIS

Found in droppings of birds
- Birds spread the infection to humans

1. Inhaling dried secretions

MOT: PSITTACOSIS

NO

are there human to human spread in PSITTACOSIS

PSITTACOSIS

- Chills
- High fever
- Muscle aches
- Dry cough
- Headache
- Facial rash (horder spots)
- Arthralgia
- Epistaxis
- Diarrhea
- Conjunctivitis

(flu-like)

STAPHYLOCOCCAL FOOD POISONING

leading cause of gastroenteritis caused by
ingestion of enterotoxin from S. aureus

enterotoxin

STAPHYLOCOCCAL FOOD POISONING - leading cause of gastroenteritis caused by
ingestion of \______ from S. aureus

1. Food-borne

MOT: STAPHYLOCOCCAL FOOD POISONING

NO

can STAPHYLOCOCCAL FOOD POISONING be person-to-person

STAPHYLOCOCCAL FOOD POISONING

Nausea
- Diarrhea
- Vomiting
- Fever
- Dehydration
- Abdominal cramps

skin

s. aureus is commonly found in