memory, lifespan development, and therapy

pt 4 psych final study guide

• Sensory Memory

Very brief.

• Short-Term Memory

20 seconds, 7±2 items (George Miller).

• Long-Term Memory

Unlimited capacity.

• Chunking

Grouping info into meaningful units.

• Maintenance Rehearsal

Repetition.

• Elaborative Rehearsal

Meaningful connection.

• Semantic memory

Facts/knowledge.

• Episodic memory

Personal experiences.

• Procedural

Skills.

• Context-Dependent Memory

Better recall in same environment.

• Anterograde

Can’t form new memories.

• Retrograde

Can’t recall past memories.

• Blocking

Tip-of-the-tongue.

• Misattribution

Wrong source.

• Suggestibility

False memories from misinformation.

• Physical

Body growth.

• Cognitive

Thinking/language.

• Socioemotional

Relationships/emotions.

• Teratogens

Harmful substances to developing baby.

• Secure attachment

Comforted when reunited.

• Ambivalent attachment

Upset and not easily comforted.

• Avoidant attachment

No strong reaction.

1. Sensorimotor (0–2 years)

Piaget’s Stages

Object permanence.

2. Preoperational (2–7 years)

Piaget’s Stages

Egocentrism.

3. Concrete Operational (7–11 years)

Piaget’s Stages

Conservation.

4. Formal Operational (12+ years)

Piaget’s Stages

Abstract thought.

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy)

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

• Question: “Can I trust the world?”

• Key Task: Develop trust when caregivers are reliable and loving.

• Positive Outcome: Sense of security and trust.

• Negative Outcome: Fear and suspicion.

2. Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (Toddlerhood)

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

• Question: “Can I do things myself, or am I bad at it?”

• Key Task: Develop independence and self-control.

• Positive Outcome: Confidence and autonomy.

• Negative Outcome: Shame and doubt about abilities.

3. Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool)

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

• Question: “Am I good or bad?”

• Key Task: Initiate activities and interact socially.

• Positive Outcome: Sense of initiative and leadership.

• Negative Outcome: Guilt about needs and desires.

4. Industry vs. Inferiority (Elementary school)

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

• Question: “How can I be good?”

• Key Task: Master social and academic skills.

• Positive Outcome: Sense of competence.

• Negative Outcome: Feelings of inferiority and failure.

5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence)

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

• Question: “Who am I?”

• Key Task: Develop a personal identity and sense of self.

• Positive Outcome: Strong identity and direction.

• Negative Outcome: Role confusion and instability.

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adulthood)

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

• Question: “Can I love and be loved?”

• Key Task: Form close relationships.

• Positive Outcome: Deep, meaningful relationships.

• Negative Outcome: Loneliness and isolation.

7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle adulthood)

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

• Question: “How can I contribute to the world?”

• Key Task: Help the next generation (e.g., parenting, career).

• Positive Outcome: Sense of purpose and productivity.

• Negative Outcome: Stagnation and self-absorption.

8. Integrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood)

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

• Question: “Did I live a meaningful life?”

• Key Task: Reflect on life with satisfaction or regret.

• Positive Outcome: Wisdom and acceptance.

• Negative Outcome: Despair and bitterness.

Brain development in adolescence

• Amygdala (emotions) develops before Prefrontal Cortex (logic).

• Psychotherapy

Treatment of emotional/behavioral issues through talk (e.g., CBT, psychodynamic therapy).

• Biological Therapy

Physical/medical treatments (e.g., medications, ECT, TMS, psychosurgery).

• Psychodynamic Therapy

Focus on unconscious processes, past experiences (Freud).

• Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Identify and challenge negative thoughts and behaviors (Beck).

• Humanistic Therapy

Focus on personal growth and self-actualization (Rogers).

• Behavioral Therapy

Uses conditioning to change behavior (Skinner, Pavlov).

• Group Therapy

Therapy with multiple participants.

• Family Therapy

Treats family system as a whole.

• Exposure Therapy

Gradual exposure to feared situations.

• Mindfulness-Based Therapy

Living in the present, managing stress.

• Medications

Antidepressants, anxiolytics, antipsychotics.

• Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

Severe depression treatment.

• Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

Non-invasive brain stimulation for depression.

• Psychosurgery

Rare, surgical brain intervention (e.g., lobotomy).