Bio final

Energy, cells, information, replication, evolution

5 fundamental characteristics of all living organisms

Bacteria, archaea, eukarya

3 domains of life

Cells are the basic unit of structure and all cells come from pre existing cells

What is the Cell Theory?

Can be manipulated by researcher

Independent variable

Cannot be manipulated by researcher, outcome of independent variable

Dependent variable

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Principle elements in all forms of life

positive charge, in nucleus

Proton

Negative charge, in orbital around nucleus

Electron

Neutral charge, in nucleus

Neutron

Number of protons

Atomic number

Number of protons + neutrons

Atomic mass

Average sum of all isotopes

Atomic weight

Element with same number of protons but different number of neutrons

Isotopes

Outermost shell of an atom and contains electrons

Valence shell

2 atoms that share at least one pair of valence electrons

Covalent bond

Transfer of valence shell electrons from one atom to another

Ionic bond

Attractive force between electropositive hydrogen and electronegative atom

Hydrogen bond

atom that attracts more electrons in an bond

Electronegativity

Electrons shared equally between atoms

Non polar covalent bonds

Electrons shared unequally between atoms - atom that is more electronegative takes more electrons

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Polar covalent bond

Polar covalent bonds

O-H, C-O, and N-H are examples of

Non polar covalent bond

C-H is an example of

Cation

Partial positive charge ion

Anion

Partial negative charge ion

It’s polar, and a universal solvent

Importance of water

Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids

4 classes of macromolecules

Polymers

Made through dehydration reactions by adding monomers

Hydrolysis, addition of water removes monomers

How are polymers broken down?

Lowers activation energy

Enzymes

Polypeptide bonds built from amino acids

How are proteins held together?

R group that contains negative charge

Acidic R group

R group that contains positive charge

Basic R group

Contains an electronegative oxygen - polar covalent bond as electrons gravitate towards oxygen instead of central carbon

Uncharged polar R group

No electronegative atoms, no H bonds, hydrophobic

Non polar R group

Contains amino acid sequence

Primary structure of protein

Coils and folds in polypeptide bonds; a helix coil and b pleated sheets fold

Secondary structure

Interactions of R groups

Tertiary structure

2+ polypeptide bonds in a protein

Quaternary structure

C-N

Where is the peptide bond in a an amino acid chain?

Change in PH, temp, enviro factors

How does denaturation of a protein occur?

Improperly folded forms of proteins

What is a prion?

Monosaccharides and polysaccharides

What are carbs made of?

Number of carbons in carbon skeleton, and location of carbonyl group

What determines the structure of monosaccharides?

Covalent bond holding monosaccharides between two hydroxyl groups

Glycosidic linkage

Found in plants, contains a 1-4 glucose monomers

Starch

Found in plant cell walls, contains b 1-4 glucose monomers

Cellulose

Found in animals and humans, stored in muscle and liver cells

Glycogen

Bacterial cell walls

Where is peptidoglycan found?

On outer surface of plasma membrane, proteins joined to carbs by covalent bonds

Glycoprotein

Fats

Contains ester linkages

Contains phosphate group

Phospholipids

Ring-like structures

Steroids

Building blocks of some lipids, hydrocarbon chain bonded to carboxyl group

What is a fatty acid?

Solid at room temp, long hydrocarbon tails

Saturated fatty acid

Liquid at room temp, shorter hydrocarbon tail

Unsaturated fatty acid

Amphipathic

The phospholipid bilayer is ___

Polar and hydrophilic

The head of phospholipid bi layer is

Non polar and hydrophobic

The tail region of the phospholipid bi layer is

Higher, lower

more cholesterol means ? Rigidity and ? Permeability in the plasma membrane

Lower, higher

Low cholesterol means ? Rigidity and ? permeability

Small and nonpolar

What type of molecules move through the easiest in plasma membranes?

Bound to outer surface of membrane

Peripheral protein

Penetrates hydrophobic core

Integral membrane protein

Across both sides of membrane through hydrophobic tails

Transmembrane integral protein

Moves down concentration gradient requiring no energy

Diffusion

* Diffusion: movement of molecules from high to low concentration
* Osmosis: diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
* Facilitated diffusion: movement of molecules across a membrane with the help of transport proteins
* No energy input required
* Rate of transport depends on concentration gradient and membrane permeability

Passive transport

Nucleoids which also contain DNA

In prokaryotic cells, where are chromosomes found?

Provides protection

Cell wall

Contains DNA

Plasmids in prokaryotes

Needed for protein synthesis

Ribosomes

Gives cell its shape

Cytoskeleton

Eukaryotes

Contains nucleus, bigger, mitochondria, endomembrane, found in plant/animal and fungi cells

Nucleoids and plasmids

Where is DNA found in prokaryotes

Contains genetic info and dna

Nucleus

Inside nucleus and contains ribosomal rna

Nucleolus

Encloses nucleus

Nuclear envelope

Site for protein synthesis

Rough ER

Site of lipid synthesis, no ribosomes

Smooth ER

* Structure: flattened stacks of membrane-bound sacs called cisternae
* Function: modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport to their final destinations
* Types: cis-Golgi, medial-Golgi, and trans-Golgi

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Golgi apparatus

Helps with cell division, position of organelles, organizes microtubules

Centrosomes

Provides ATP for cell function

Mitochondria

Transports materials across cell

Vesicles

Detoxifying center, removes harmful substances, breaks down FA

Peroxisome

Storage depots for proteins, lipids, carbs

Vacuoles

“Recycling centers”

Lysosomes

Used to break down monomers and digest macromolecules in lysosomes

Role of acid hydrolase

Pushes cell via flagella and cilia

Microtubules

help with cell movement and shape

Microfilaments

Gives cell structure

Intermediate filaments

Total amount of all chemical reactions in an organism

Metabolism

Requires energy for a reaction

Anabolic

Releases or breaks down energy for reaction

Catabolic

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed only transferred

First law of TD?

Entropy always increases in a reaction

Second law of TD

Release of energy in a reaction

Exergonic

Consumption of energy in a reaction

Endergonic

Amount of disorder a reaction causes in molecules

Entropy

Spontaneous, exergonic, high entropy

Gibbs free energy < 0

Endergonic, non spontaneous, low entropy

Gibbs free energy > 0