Unit 6: Age of Revolutions

What are the 1st Estate, 2nd Estate, 3rd Estate:

1st Estate: Clergy, 2nd Estate: Nobility, 3rd Estate: Commoners (peasants, bourgeoisie)

Who was Marie Antoinette

Queen of France known for her extravagant lifestyle, contributing to public discontent.

Who was Louis XVI

King of France during the French Revolution, executed in 1793.

Who was Maximillien Robespierre

Leader during the Reign of Terror, advocating for radical changes.

Who was Napoleon Bonaparte

Military leader who rose to power after the French Revolution and declared himself Emperor of France.

What was the Bastille

A prison in Paris stormed on July 14, 1789, symbolizing the start of the French Revolution.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

A fundamental document of the French Revolution that proclaimed equal rights for all men.

The Reign of Terror

A period during the French Revolution marked by mass executions of perceived enemies.

Natural Rights

Rights inherent to all human beings, such as life, liberty, and property.

Thomas Hobbes

Enlightenment thinker who believed in a strong central authority to maintain order.

John Locke

Enlightenment thinker who advocated for natural rights and the idea of government as a social contract.

Absolutism

A political system in which a ruler holds total power.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution, which led to the first successful slave revolt.

How were Enlightenment thinkers inspired by the Scientific Revolution?

Enlightenment thinkers were inspired by the Scientific Revolution’s emphasis on reason and empirical evidence, applying these principles to society and government.

Please list 3 major ideas from the Enlightenment

Separation of powers, Social contract, Freedom of speech and religion

What was the cause of the economic crisis in France?

The economic crisis in France was caused by debt from wars, extravagant spending by the monarchy, and poor harvests.

About what percent of France's population belonged to the Third Estate?

About 97% of France’s population belonged to the Third Estate.

What are two factors that led to the French Revolution. List and explain each

Economic hardship: High taxes and rising bread prices created widespread discontent., Social inequality: The rigid class structure left the Third Estate with few rights and privileges.

What major mistake did King Louis XVI make that ultimately led to his death?

King Louis XVI attempted to flee France, which was seen as treason, leading to his arrest and execution.

What ultimately brought the Reign of Terror to an end?

The Reign of Terror ended with the arrest and execution of Robespierre.

How did Napoleon facilitate his rise to power?

Napoleon rose to power by capitalizing on political instability, using his military success, and staging a coup d'état.

List and describe 2 reforms that Napoleon implemented. What effects did these reforms have

Napoleonic Code: Standardized legal codes, ensuring equality before the law, Educational reforms: Established lycées (public schools) to train future leaders

What eventually led to the downfall of Napoleon? Why?

Napoleon’s downfall was caused by his failed invasion of Russia and the coalition of European powers against him.

What was the primary cause of the Haitian Revolution?

The primary cause was the harsh conditions of slavery and the desire for equality and freedom among enslaved people

In what ways was the Haitian Revolution similar to other revolutions of the period?

Inspired by Enlightenment ideas, Overthrew a ruling class

In what ways was the Haitian Revolution different from other revolutions of the period?

Led by enslaved people, Resulted in the first black republic in the Americas