AP European History Review - Important Leaders

AP European History Review Flashcards - Important Leaders

Henry VIII

Monarch, English Reformation, many wives, Act of Supremacy

Mary Tudor

Monarch, Catholic, “Bloody Mary”

Elizabeth

Monarch, middle path between Catholicism and Protestantism; Spanish Armada

James I

Absolute monarch (rise of constitutionalism)

Charles I

Absolute monarch (rise of constitutionalism)

Oliver Cromwell

Military ruler, “Interregnum” or the “Protectorate” (rise of constitutionalism)

Charles II

Monarch, Restoration of 1660 (rise of constitutionalism)

James II

Monarch, rise of constitutionalism

William & Mary

Monarchs, Glorious Revolution of 1688 (rise of constitutionalism)

Benjamin Disraeli

Conservative prime minister

William Gladstone

Liberal prime minister

David Lloyd George

Prime minister, WWI, Treaty of Versailles

Winston Churchill

Prime minister, WWII

Margaret Thatcher

1st woman prime minister, 1980s

Catherine de Médici

Age of religious wars

Henry IV

Monarch, ended religious wars, good king (“chicken in every pot”), transition to absolutism

Louis XIV

Monarch, epitome of absolute ruler, “Sun King,” built Versailles

Louis XVI

Monarch, French Revolution, overthrown and executed by the revolutionaries

Robespierre

Republican leader, French Revolution, Reign of Terror

Napoleon Bonaparte

Military coup, French Revolution (1799-1815), wars of conquest, exiled twice

Louis XVIII

Monarch, restoration of constitutional monarchy after Napoleon, Constitutional Charter

Louis Phillipe

Monarch, Revolution of 1830

Napoleon III

President & emperor, conservative or liberal?

Georges Clemenceau

Statesman, WWI, Treaty of Versailles – harsh peace

Charles de Gaulle

President, WWII

Francois Mitterand

President, 1980s

Jacques Chirac

President, 21st century

Ferdinand and Isabella

“New monarchs”, exploration (Columbus), Inquisition (expelled Jews)

Philip II

Monarch, Dutch revolt against Spanish rule, Spanish Armada

Francisco Franco

Fascist leader during interwar period, fought Spanish Civil War against those who opposed his fascist regime

Medici

Renaissance, wealthy banking family

Victor Emmanuel

King of Sardinia-Piedmont and unified Italy, gave Mussolini power (march on Rome)

Cavour

Unification, statesman who unified northern Italy

Garibaldi

Unification, general who added southern Italy to unified northern Italy

Mussolini

Fascism, totalitarianism, WWII

Charles V

Emperor, Protestant Reformation, Diet of Worms

Frederick II

Monarch, enlightened absolutism

Frederick William the “Great Elector”

Monarch, absolutism, unified Prussia

Frederick William I “the Soldiers’ King”

Monarch, absolutism, loved the military

Bismarck

Chancellor, unification in 1871, “Blood and Iron”

Wilhelm II

Emperor, late 19th c. – early 20th c.

Willy Brandt

Chancellor, Cold War era

Helmut Kohl

West German chancellor who oversaw reunification of W. and E. Germany

Charles VI

Emperor, Pragmatic Sanction of 1713

Joseph II (and Maria Theresa)

Emperor, enlightened absolutism

Metternich

Foreign minister, Congress of Vienna, conservatism

Francis Joseph

Emperor, tried but failed to keep crumbling Austrian Empire together

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Archduke, his assassination on June 28, 1914 triggered WWI

Catherine the Great

Monarch, enlightened absolutism

Ivan the Terrible

Monarch, absolutism

Peter the Great

Monarch age of absolutism but he implemented reforms

Alexander II

Monarch, reforms, including abolition of serfdom in 1861

Nicholas II

Monarch, tsar during 1905 revolution and overthrown in 1917 revolution

Lenin

Led Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, 1st leader of communist Russia/USSR

Stalin

Succeeded Lenin as leader of communist Soviet Union, totalitarian

Khrushchev

Cold War, de-Stalinization

Brezhnev

Cold War, re-Stalinization, Brezhnev Doctrine

Gorbachev

Brought end to communism and Cold War, perestroika and glasnost, breakup of USSR

Yeltsin

1st president after fall of communism

Putin

President & then PM, 21st century

Woodrow Wilson

WWI, Treaty of Versailles – just peace, Fourteen Points and League of Nations

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Post-Great Depression years (New Deal), WWII

Harry Truman

End of WWII including Potsdam Conference, Cold War era, Truman Doctrine

Gustavus Adolphus

Monarch, 30 Years’ War

Leopold II

Monarch, initiated new imperialism with taking of the Congo

Tito

Communist leader who resisted Soviet domination during Cold War

Milosevic

Serbian president who organized ethnic cleansing in early 1990s

Lech Walensa

Solidarity, end to Cold War and communism

Nicolae Ceausescu

Only eastern European leader to use violent force to suppress anti-communist revolutions in 1989

Vaclav Havel

Velvet Revolution, end to Cold War and communism