IR Revolution Terms

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34 Terms

1

industrial revolution

a period of rapid industrial development that began in England in the 18th century but soon spread throughout Western Europe, the United States, and the world

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2

enclosure movement

shifts farming from individual households (farms) to big farms

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3

crop rotation

rotating which crops are planted in certain patches of soil in order to avoid the soil drying out and making the best use of the land

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4

spinning jenny

a multi-spindle spinning frame invented during the IR to reduce hand labor

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5

power loom

a mechanized loom used to make clothing and reduce physical labor

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6

mechanization

the shift from human and animal physical labor to the use of machines.

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7

interchangeable parts

identical parts made to be used to assemble many different inventions

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8

factors of production

land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship

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9

urbanization

the growth of cities

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10

factory system

an approach to manufacturing that rose during the IR whose primary innovation was to combine machinery + new technologies to lower the production costs + increase efficiency

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11

domestic system

the system before the factory system in which all products were made by hand, which led to high quality goods and long labor hours.

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12

James Watt

Scottish inventor who approved upon the steam engine

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13

steam engine

heat engine that uses steam as its working fluid

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14

assembly line

a method of manufacturing in which one person has a specific task to create a final product, making the work faster and mass producing products

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15

division of labor

when labor is divided amongst many workers by processes like the assembly line

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16

Factory Act of 1850

limited children’s weekly hours to 60 an daily hours to 10.5

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17

collective bargaining

when groups of employees are able to negotiate working conditions such as wages

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18

labor unions

associations of workers that collected dues, went on strike, and made collective demands of factory owners

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19

strike

a large group of workers who stop working in protest of wages and working conditions.

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20

capitalism

economic + political system where industry is privately controlled profit and profit was always the goal

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21

industrial capitalism

capitalism that emerges from the changes of the I.R.

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22

invisible hand

Adam Smith’s belief that the government should not adjust the economy to circumstances as it will work itself out

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23

free enterprise

no government regulation; businesses without the government

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24

Adam Smith

the father of capitalism who wrote “The Wealth of Nations” and believed in the laws of supply and demand, and competition

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25

laissez faire

let do

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26

utilitarianism

philosophy that advocates that a morally right action does the most amount of good for the most people.

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27

Karl Marx

wrote the Communist Manifesto and get the most credit for foundations of Communism

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28

Friedrich Engels

wrote the Communist Manifesto but gets less credit

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29

Communist Manifesto

central belief: the working class was being exploited by the factory owners

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30

proletariat

working class

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31

bourgeoisie

factory owners

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32

Communism

system that gives complete power to the people, no government regulation on the means of production and no private property or businesses; everyone contributes what they can and takes only what they need; classless, stateless, moneyless

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33

socialism

a precursor to Communism where the Means of Production (resources for producing goods) are controlled by the government; different variations

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34

means of production

resources for producing goods

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