Introduction to counseling
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COUNSELING
EVERYTIME THERE IS SOME KIND OF A DISASTER, TRAGEDY AND SOME KIND THERE IS AN INCREASED AWARENESS OF THE NEED FOR THE SOCIAL SERVICES.
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* HUMAN BEINGS ARE HARDWIRED/ HIGHLY MOTIVATED WHEN WE SEE THOSE THREATS.
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* HUMAN BEINGS ARE HARDWIRED/ HIGHLY MOTIVATED WHEN WE SEE THOSE THREATS.
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THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ( 1760 - 1840)
A period of growth innovation, industry in both western Europe and united states.
there are many inventions made that increased the productivity.
* eg. cotton gin, more manufacturing/harvesting of cotton. steam engine, vital for the rail roads ( for the goods to be transported more efficiently.
AS THE PRODUCTIVITY INCREASED AND SO THE POPULATION. \*\*As the production increased the good became more affordable and accessible.
* income per person started to increased as well. revolution triggered an increased in income. with beter income people are able to afford better healthcare and things.
* when all those increased, and so the life expectancy. (more people reached the maximum life expectancy than before.)
there are many inventions made that increased the productivity.
* eg. cotton gin, more manufacturing/harvesting of cotton. steam engine, vital for the rail roads ( for the goods to be transported more efficiently.
AS THE PRODUCTIVITY INCREASED AND SO THE POPULATION. \*\*As the production increased the good became more affordable and accessible.
* income per person started to increased as well. revolution triggered an increased in income. with beter income people are able to afford better healthcare and things.
* when all those increased, and so the life expectancy. (more people reached the maximum life expectancy than before.)
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NEW SOCIAL PROBLEMS DUE TO INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS.
* Populated area, people became so cramped.
* (family were once the first line of defense and so the religious institution, things were locally handled)
* because of IR, so much people left their families for job, having trouble adjusting, mental illness ( created new problems such as what do we do for all those people when we dont know), \[polution increase, crime increase, social problems were introduced too even child labour. (children were already working even before the IR but under IR things are harsher, child labour cause injuries and even death of the childrens.
* some company even adopts a large group of orphans to use them for a free pool of labour. children works 10, 12, 14 and 16 hours prohibiting them from playing or have other developmental experiences that are important for their age group.
* (family were once the first line of defense and so the religious institution, things were locally handled)
* because of IR, so much people left their families for job, having trouble adjusting, mental illness ( created new problems such as what do we do for all those people when we dont know), \[polution increase, crime increase, social problems were introduced too even child labour. (children were already working even before the IR but under IR things are harsher, child labour cause injuries and even death of the childrens.
* some company even adopts a large group of orphans to use them for a free pool of labour. children works 10, 12, 14 and 16 hours prohibiting them from playing or have other developmental experiences that are important for their age group.
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CHILD LABOUR LAW
\*MADE TO PREVENT CHILDREN FROM EBING TAKEN ADVANTAGE OF.
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BEFORE 19000
* No mentioned in proffesional literature until 1931.
* most counseling are informal( developed out of humanitarian concern for people affected by the IR.
* SOCIAL WELFARE REFORM MOVEMENT:
Spread of public education, various changes in population makeup. ( eg. immigration)
* helping process are dominated by PSYCHOANALYTIC AND BEHAVIORISM.
* most counseling are informal( developed out of humanitarian concern for people affected by the IR.
* SOCIAL WELFARE REFORM MOVEMENT:
Spread of public education, various changes in population makeup. ( eg. immigration)
* helping process are dominated by PSYCHOANALYTIC AND BEHAVIORISM.
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1900 - 1909
* ***1908*** ***frank parsons ( father of guidance)***
founded boston’s Vocational Bureau: major step in development of vocational counseling.
* ***THREE STEPS ON CAREER CHOICE: 1. Knowledge of work 2.knowledge of self 3. match the two.***
* ***JESSE B. DAVIS:***
* Set up the ***first systematized guidance program*** that became the ***forerunner of counseling school guidance.***
* ***1908: CLIFFORD BEERS***
* Advocate for better mental health facilities and treatment of the mentally ill
* wrote “**A MIND THAT FOUND ITSELF**” That imparts his testimony as a mental health patient himself increasing the awareness about the atrocities, asylums, psychiatric hospitals and so forth’s mistreatments toward people who suffers from mental illlness.
* ***Dorothea Dix*** also started her advocacy before him.
founded boston’s Vocational Bureau: major step in development of vocational counseling.
* ***THREE STEPS ON CAREER CHOICE: 1. Knowledge of work 2.knowledge of self 3. match the two.***
* ***JESSE B. DAVIS:***
* Set up the ***first systematized guidance program*** that became the ***forerunner of counseling school guidance.***
* ***1908: CLIFFORD BEERS***
* Advocate for better mental health facilities and treatment of the mentally ill
* wrote “**A MIND THAT FOUND ITSELF**” That imparts his testimony as a mental health patient himself increasing the awareness about the atrocities, asylums, psychiatric hospitals and so forth’s mistreatments toward people who suffers from mental illlness.
* ***Dorothea Dix*** also started her advocacy before him.
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1910’s
1913: ***National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA)***
Founded the first national professional organization in the counseling field.
* It developed without an explicit philosophy. quickly embraced ***psychometrics*** *( USED it to fairly and objectively triats, abilities, intelligence to match them to a vocation) to gain a legitimate foothold in Psychology.*
* Gave a more specific identity to vocational guidance specialists (also distracted many from improvements in other behavioral sciences ( sociology, biology, anthropology)
Founded the first national professional organization in the counseling field.
* It developed without an explicit philosophy. quickly embraced ***psychometrics*** *( USED it to fairly and objectively triats, abilities, intelligence to match them to a vocation) to gain a legitimate foothold in Psychology.*
* Gave a more specific identity to vocational guidance specialists (also distracted many from improvements in other behavioral sciences ( sociology, biology, anthropology)
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1914 - 1918
1914 - 1918
***Army alpha and Army Beta Intelligence Tests*** developed to screen personnel during WW1.
* Helping recruits match to areas of specialization
* Helping recruits match to areas of specialization
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1915
**First bulletin published:** ***Journal of Counseling Development.***
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1920
***Abraham and Hannah Stone*** founded the ***1st marriage and family counseling center in New York city.*** ( ONLY THE HUSBAND’S PIC CAN BE SEEN.)
* **A MARRIAGE MANUAL** : 1st standards for the preparation and evaluation of occupational materials, publications od new psychological instruments ( eg. Strong Vocational Interest Inventory, 1927: It ~~helps~~ to identify what kind of things people like)
* In 1920s women are still did not have equal rights in professional fields.
* **A MARRIAGE MANUAL** : 1st standards for the preparation and evaluation of occupational materials, publications od new psychological instruments ( eg. Strong Vocational Interest Inventory, 1927: It ~~helps~~ to identify what kind of things people like)
* In 1920s women are still did not have equal rights in professional fields.
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1930
1939: **E.G WILLIAMSON**
* developed the ***Trait-Factor Theory ( Minnesota Point of View);***
* Persons have traits (aptitudes or abilities, interests, personalities, achievements) that can be integrated to form factors (CONSTELLATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS)
* US Employment Services Published the 1st edition of the ***Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT)***
* Edward Thorndike and John Brewer Challenged the vocational orientation. (There are so much things we can help people with more than vocational guidance. \* expanded the focus. )
* developed the ***Trait-Factor Theory ( Minnesota Point of View);***
* Persons have traits (aptitudes or abilities, interests, personalities, achievements) that can be integrated to form factors (CONSTELLATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS)
* US Employment Services Published the 1st edition of the ***Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT)***
* Edward Thorndike and John Brewer Challenged the vocational orientation. (There are so much things we can help people with more than vocational guidance. \* expanded the focus. )
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1940
**CARL ROGERS** published ***COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY.***
* ***Client Centered and away from Counselor-Centered Therapy.***
* *Client has the ability/responsibility for their own growth.*
* therapist listen as non-judgemental, mirroring and reflecting
* Prior to Roger, counselor was practical, dealing with testing etc.
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***WWII: Demand for selecting specialists. Treatment of Veterans, VA-funded training of counselors and Psychology.***
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***NIMI: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH established on 1949.***
* **National Mental Health PASSED, Authorizing funds for research and training.**
* Counseling as a profession began to move farther away from it’s historical alliance with vocational development.
* ***Client Centered and away from Counselor-Centered Therapy.***
* *Client has the ability/responsibility for their own growth.*
* therapist listen as non-judgemental, mirroring and reflecting
* Prior to Roger, counselor was practical, dealing with testing etc.
\
***WWII: Demand for selecting specialists. Treatment of Veterans, VA-funded training of counselors and Psychology.***
\
***NIMI: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH established on 1949.***
* **National Mental Health PASSED, Authorizing funds for research and training.**
* Counseling as a profession began to move farther away from it’s historical alliance with vocational development.
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October 4, 1957
***The Soviet Union launched sputnik.***
* there is a ***COLD WAR BETWEEN RUSSIA AND US.*** Both are researching and investing for weapons and technologies to use to defend or attack any country that is a threat to their existence.
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* there is a ***COLD WAR BETWEEN RUSSIA AND US.*** Both are researching and investing for weapons and technologies to use to defend or attack any country that is a threat to their existence.
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1950s
* ***MOST PROFOUND IMPACT ON COUNSELORS.***
* ***4 MAJOR EVENTS DRAMATICALLY AFFECTED THE HISTORY OF COUNSELING.***
* ***/1952: American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA) founded.***
concerned with educational and vocational guidance; personnel.
* ***Counseling Psychology (DIVISION 17) of APA Established in 1952***; interested working with normal people seen by psychologists, concerned with human growth and development
* ***NDEA/ NATIONAL DEFENSE EDUCATION ACT;*** Identify and promote scientifically and academically talented students.
* ***INTRODUCTION OF NEW GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING THEORISTS***
* Behavioral (eg. systematic desensitization)
* Cognitive (eg. Rational Emotive Theory)
* Learning theory, Self-concept theory
* ***4 MAJOR EVENTS DRAMATICALLY AFFECTED THE HISTORY OF COUNSELING.***
* ***/1952: American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA) founded.***
concerned with educational and vocational guidance; personnel.
* ***Counseling Psychology (DIVISION 17) of APA Established in 1952***; interested working with normal people seen by psychologists, concerned with human growth and development
* ***NDEA/ NATIONAL DEFENSE EDUCATION ACT;*** Identify and promote scientifically and academically talented students.
* ***INTRODUCTION OF NEW GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING THEORISTS***
* Behavioral (eg. systematic desensitization)
* Cognitive (eg. Rational Emotive Theory)
* Learning theory, Self-concept theory
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60s
***Increased in the female workforce. stimulated by WWII.***
* **Vietnam war, Civil Rights movement always existed in the US. Women’s rights movement increased the demand for crisis counseling and brief interventions.**
* ***Humanistic counseling theorists (Maslow )*** and the group developed movement.
* It is one thing for a person to hear or read about some kind of atrocity that occurred, but it is just so hard not to emphasize when you are watching it with your own eyes. (tvs really affected civil rights.)
* ***1961: APGA published First CODE OF ETHICS FOR COUNSELORS.***
* ***NEW PUBLICATIONS: THE COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGISTS, PERSONNEL AND GUIDANCE JOURNAL.***
***1963: .J.F KENNEDY signs community Mental Health Centers Act into Law***
* This law allowed people to be treated as an outpatient. ( cz once a person is inside it is so hard to get out, there are atrocity, abuse, breakthrough in anti-psychotic medication and mood stabilizers that had fewer side effect allowing people to function still, financial)
* some people thou decided not to take their medication, some ended psychotic, homeless,
***1966: ERIC CLEARINGHOUSE*** on ***Counseling and Personnel Services (ERIC/CAPS)*** established at ***UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN;*** funded by ***U.S DEPT of EDUCATION;*** tracks counseling activities and trends.
* **Vietnam war, Civil Rights movement always existed in the US. Women’s rights movement increased the demand for crisis counseling and brief interventions.**
* ***Humanistic counseling theorists (Maslow )*** and the group developed movement.
* It is one thing for a person to hear or read about some kind of atrocity that occurred, but it is just so hard not to emphasize when you are watching it with your own eyes. (tvs really affected civil rights.)
* ***1961: APGA published First CODE OF ETHICS FOR COUNSELORS.***
* ***NEW PUBLICATIONS: THE COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGISTS, PERSONNEL AND GUIDANCE JOURNAL.***
***1963: .J.F KENNEDY signs community Mental Health Centers Act into Law***
* This law allowed people to be treated as an outpatient. ( cz once a person is inside it is so hard to get out, there are atrocity, abuse, breakthrough in anti-psychotic medication and mood stabilizers that had fewer side effect allowing people to function still, financial)
* some people thou decided not to take their medication, some ended psychotic, homeless,
***1966: ERIC CLEARINGHOUSE*** on ***Counseling and Personnel Services (ERIC/CAPS)*** established at ***UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN;*** funded by ***U.S DEPT of EDUCATION;*** tracks counseling activities and trends.
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Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963
established a nationwide system of community mental health centers ( helped during a time of deinstitutionalization
* Triggered a shift in Counselor Education programs away from school counselors and toward community mental health counselors.
* Triggered a shift in Counselor Education programs away from school counselors and toward community mental health counselors.
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70s
* Rapid growth of counseling outside educational institutions CMHCs began to employ large numbers of counselors; from 327 in 1964 to 475 1980
* American Mental Health Counselors Association formed with APGA
* __***Helping skills programs (TRAUX, CARKHUFF, AND IVEY)***__
* STATE LICENSURE: State board of examiners for Psychologists become even more strict; graduate of APA-approved program; conflict between APA and APGA;
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***Virginia*** **1st state to license counselors (1976)**
* APGA/ACES outlines standard\\s for master’s degree in counseling (1973) and approved guidelines for doctoral preparation in counseling (1977)
* American Mental Health Counselors Association formed with APGA
* __***Helping skills programs (TRAUX, CARKHUFF, AND IVEY)***__
* STATE LICENSURE: State board of examiners for Psychologists become even more strict; graduate of APA-approved program; conflict between APA and APGA;
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***Virginia*** **1st state to license counselors (1976)**
* APGA/ACES outlines standard\\s for master’s degree in counseling (1973) and approved guidelines for doctoral preparation in counseling (1977)
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80s/ STANDARDIZATION OF THE FIELD
* ***1981: COUNCIL FOR ACCREDITATION OF COUNSELING AND RELATED EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS (CACREP)*** **was formed as affiliate program of APGA**
* ***1983: NATIONAL BOARD FOR CERTIFIED COUNSELORS (NBCC)*** was formed to certify counselors; developed a standardized test
* ***NATIONAL ACADEMY OF CERTIFIED MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELORS (NACCMCH)*** continued to **define training standards and certify mental health counseling.**
* counseling become well established as distinct profession,characterized by it’s role statement, code of ethics, accreditation guidelines, competency standards licensure, certification etc.
* 1983: APGA CHANGES NAME TO AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT
* ***1985: CHI SIGMA LOTA,*** **international academic and professional honor society for counselors was formed.**
* ***DIVERSIFICATION OF COUNSELLING:***
* ***ACADEMIC SETTINGS, MENTAL HEALTH CENTERS, MARRIAGE AND FAMILY THERAPY PRACTICE, EMPLOYMENT, VOCATIONAL ETC.***
* Increased emphasis on human growth and development, life span development, gender, ethnic and cultural focus.
* ***1983: NATIONAL BOARD FOR CERTIFIED COUNSELORS (NBCC)*** was formed to certify counselors; developed a standardized test
* ***NATIONAL ACADEMY OF CERTIFIED MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELORS (NACCMCH)*** continued to **define training standards and certify mental health counseling.**
* counseling become well established as distinct profession,characterized by it’s role statement, code of ethics, accreditation guidelines, competency standards licensure, certification etc.
* 1983: APGA CHANGES NAME TO AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT
* ***1985: CHI SIGMA LOTA,*** **international academic and professional honor society for counselors was formed.**
* ***DIVERSIFICATION OF COUNSELLING:***
* ***ACADEMIC SETTINGS, MENTAL HEALTH CENTERS, MARRIAGE AND FAMILY THERAPY PRACTICE, EMPLOYMENT, VOCATIONAL ETC.***
* Increased emphasis on human growth and development, life span development, gender, ethnic and cultural focus.
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EVOLUTION OF ACA
***1913: National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA)***
***1952: NVGA and Several other organizations merged into American Vocational Guidance Association (AVGA)***
***1980: American Association of Counseling and Development ( AACD)***
***1992: American Counseling Association.***
***1952: NVGA and Several other organizations merged into American Vocational Guidance Association (AVGA)***
***1980: American Association of Counseling and Development ( AACD)***
***1992: American Counseling Association.***
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90s
* Continues growth on the focus on Multi-Cultural Issues. expanded definition to include different languages, socio-economic stats, gender, sexual orientation, physical abilities, race, culture and ethnicity.
* ***1992: COUNSELING INCLUDED AS PRIMARY MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSION IN THE HEALTHCARE HUMAN RESOURCES STATISTICS OF NIMH.***
* Counseling now on par with Psychiatry, Psychology, Social Work etc. Est 100,000 certified or licensed counselors
* ***1992: COUNSELING INCLUDED AS PRIMARY MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSION IN THE HEALTHCARE HUMAN RESOURCES STATISTICS OF NIMH.***
* Counseling now on par with Psychiatry, Psychology, Social Work etc. Est 100,000 certified or licensed counselors