developmental psychology

monozygotic

identical twins

dizygotic

fertonal twin

similar personalities and characteristic

Monozygotic

intelligence

higher correlation in monozygotic

stages of development

Heredity genes passed down from of parents genes

variety

what changes across

Gregor Mendel described principles of Heredity (cross breeding)

Genes are not a blending of two traits

one copy of each trait from parents (dominant)

Heredity Mendel (Principle)

interaction of one trait from mom and dad's copy (not a blending)

Phendype

observable

Genotype

genes

Principle of dominants

Dominate (rolling tongue) vs recessive genes

Principle of segregation

Each copy of trait is Passed down separately as a unit

ex. moms copy is Segregated → blue eye egg will not attract Sprem with blue eye

Principle of Independent assortment

the different traits are independent of each other

Polygenic inheritance

some traits determined by multiple genes

Incomplete to dominance or Codominance

not all gens are entirely dominate or recessive

cell division

Transmission of this genetic material

Two types of cell division

meiosis-

mitosis

meiosis

- four cells with 1/2 chromosomes

egg and sperm must contain right amount of chromosomes for reproduction (one member of each 23 contain in in all other pairs of the body)

mitosis

two identical child cell

Chromosome (3 ine plus mes)

Adenine, cytosine, Thymes and guanine

Chromosome replication

double helix unzips

Gens nucleotides

specific sequences

Disorders (Dominant)

may not become active until passing to Offspring

Disorders: Huntington

nervous system degeneration uncontrollable movement, Mood shits and memory disturbances in adulthood (between 30-50)

disorder Recessive

typically dominant within particular people

Gene- Behavior Interaction

reaction range- expression of gene and phenotype might depend on environment

family Studies

Examine generation for traits believe to have genetic basis

ex similar environment, cultures, religion

family studies when genetics aren’t the cause

environment

Adoptive vs Biological

difference in genes same environment

Adoptive Studies: Schizophrenia and intelligence

strong biological correlations

Genetics become more important as the child deveps

environment has an effect more on early development

Twins Studies : Monozygotic

identical

Twins Studies Dizygotic

fraternal

Twins Studies: intelligence

higher correlation in mono than di

Twins Studies: characteristic

Monos more similar on personally characteristic than Dis

Prenatal Devolvement

_______ by meiosis Contain half of required genetic materials

dads sperms sperm and moms egg

Prenatal Devolvement: Conception

egg and sperm come together to produce a single cell

Prenatal Devolvement: Zygote

all genetic material (23 pairs chromosomes)

Zygote embeds in uterine lining

51.3% of male newborns even though male fetuses susceptible to

spontaneous abortions

males more likely to experience fetal distress → lager circumference

Developmental Processes

zygote → embryo → fetus

Developmental Processes :

zygote divides into 2 full of genetic material → continues to multiple next 38 weeks

Developmental Processes : Cell migration

movement newly formed cells

Prenatal Devolvement: conception

egg and sperm come together to produce a single cell

gametes produce by meiosis, Contain half of required genetic materials

Prenatal Devolvement: gametes

gametes result of specialized cell from mom (egg) and dad’s (sperms)

Developmental Processes: prenatal devel

cell differentiation embryo cells (aka embryonic stem cells) starts specializing

regenerative medicine (stem cells)

apoptosis

death-apoptosis: programed death required for hands to form

Stage 1 : (conception-2 week)

implants in utero

cells multiples by mitosis

Stage 1 : (conception-2 week): amniotic sac, umbilical cord

Cells differentiate and specialize in to embryo and support cells for embryo

stage 2: Embryo (3-8 weeks)

All major internal and external structures form

stage 2: Embryo (3-8 weeks): cell layers

Endodermal

Ectodermal

Mesodermal

stage 2: Embryo (3-8 weeks): Endodermal

internal organs

stage 2: Embryo (3-8 weeks): Ectodermal

nervous system, eyes, ears, skin

stage 2: Embryo (3-8 weeks): Mesodermal

muscles, bones, heart

stage 2: Embryo (3-8 weeks): neural tubes

develop in brain rest spinal card (week 4)

stage 2: Embryo (3-8 weeks): Week 5

Major brain development

stage 2: Embryo (3-8 weeks): Week 6 & 7

differentiation of limbs

stage 2: Embryo (3-8 weeks): placenta

barrier exchange materials bloodstreams (don't mix)

Carbon dioxide removed from mother bloodstream

stage 2: Embryo (3-8 weeks): umbilical cord tube

umbilical cord tube containing blood vessels run to fetus

stage 2: Embryo (3-8 weeks): Cephalocaudal devel

Cephalocaudal devel → head before body, hands before feet

Stage 3: Fetus (9-38 weeks)

development of body so at Birth head mass 25%

Stage 3: Fetus (9-38 weeks):

• Facial features

• Nails and toes

• Head hair grows

Stage 3: Fetus (9-38 weeks): 3 month

brain differentiated into visual, auditory, cognitive centers

Stage 3: Fetus (9-38 weeks):

month 3 physical activity begins → fist forming and toe wiggling

Stage 3: Fetus (9-38 weeks): month 4

eyes sensitive to light

Stage 3: Fetus (9-38 weeks): month 5

→ Sounds cause reaction (kicking and turning)

Trimester 1 (Discontinuity)

week 1: zyote

week 2-3: embryo layers- nervous, circulatory system, glands

week 4: neural tube- devels brain, spinal cord

week 5-9: facial features, internal organs, fingers, sexual differentiation

week 10-12: heart develops, spine, ribs, brain forms

Trimester 2 (Continuity)

weeks 13-24: external genitalia, fetal movement felt, basic expression

Discontinuity

Discontinuity refers to the view that development occurs in a series of distinct stages:

• Three layers of cells of embryo

• change over weeks→ zygote, embryo, fetus

Continuity

refers to the view that development is a gradual

Prenatal Learning: Discontinuity (five senses)

Movement: Swallowing amniotic fluid → helps digestive system mature properly

Touch: Contact of hand and mouth

Sight: Prefer to look towards face that are up right

Taste: amniotic fluid veriest in taste

Smell: amniotic fluid takes on the smell of what mothers eaten ( liquid transmission)

Hearing: mother bloods, voice and amniotic fluid

Prenatal Learning studies

infants suck pacifier to hear mother's voice over a stranger's

reading story during last 6 weeks pregnancy in fact prefers story read then (rhythm)

Teratology

nongenetic agents causes defects in embryo and fetus

Hazards to Prenatal Development

• Thalidomide → cause limb devel (Second week)

• dose -response relation → amount of exposure to teratogens

• fetal programing →ajust to level Of nutrition deficiency doesn't rest

• genetic susceptibility → predisposed

How Teratogens Act

• Genetic sensitivity (species specific)

• Temporal sensitivity

• Effect specificity

How Teratogens Act: types

• Rubella

• Herpes →CNS

• HIV → facial deformities, failure to smooth

• syphilis & Gonorrhea→ prematurity, spontaneous abortion, eye infections

• Malnutrition → spontaneous abortion, smallness, prematurity

• Parental age → down's syndrome

• Drugs → street drugs, caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, accutane, Opioids Neonatal abstinence syndrome (fetus withdrawal)

  • Marijuana → smallness, still birth, attention, learning and social problems

    • CAD 12% women smoke

  • Antidepressants → solulu therapy and mindfulness

  • SIDS accounts for 21.3% postneonatal deaths

  • limited access to oxygen and genetic mutation

How Teratogens Act: HIV

• facial deformities, failure to smooth

How Teratogens Act: syphilis & Gonorrhea

• prematurity, spontaneous abortion, eye infections

How Teratogens Act: Malnutrition

• spontaneous abortion, smallness, prematurity

How Teratogens Act: Parental age

down's syndrome

How Teratogens Act: Drugs

• street drugs, caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, accutane, Opioids Neonatal abstinence syndrome (fetus withdrawal)

Physical and Motor Development

• Behavior's closely related to neurological mechanisms

• To find infants at risk for later developmental issues

At Risk Infants:

• • Teratogens

  • Poverty

  • Teenage Mothers

  • unmarried Mothers

  • Mothers without high school Degrees

  • how Birth Weight Babies

  • Caesarean Section Babies

Low Birth weight:

• Pre-term Infants; That is before the minus 2 weeks (point e.g 3-4 weeks )

• Small for Gestational Age: smaller than they are supposed to be

complications to birth weight

• trouble Breathing an Anoxia

• Poor muscle Tone

• Later Behavioural and Academic Problems

Newborn Assortment Methods: APGAR Exam

Measures heart rate, respiration, muscles tone, Skin color, and reaction to mild stimulus

• Measures on a 0-10 scale

• Assessed at birth, 5 minutes and sometimes at 20 minutes

• infants with scores below 4 are consider "at risk”

Precht Test

Similar to APGAR but also assesses reflexes, facial expressions, alertness, etc

APGAR' Links and Predictions

• Prenatal Drug Exposure →Lower Scores

• Caesarean Section → lower Scores

• disclaimer: Lower Scores do Not predict physical growth and development at 6 months

• Predictive:

  • low score predicts physical growth and ability at 4.5 years

Sleeping and Sids ( Sudden/ Death Syndrome)

Most vulnerable is between 2 and 4 months

Sleep sids cause

thoughts they sleep face down breathing in CO2, general Suffocation

sleep side factors

• Sleep position

• soft bedding and overheating

• Maternal smoking

Reflex definition

tightly organized patterns → can have adaptive values others not so much

major Newborn reflexes include

grasping

rooting

sucking

swallowing

grasping

→ Close fingers around anything pressed into palm of hand

rooting reflex

→ stroke cheek turn head in direction to touch and open mouth (breastfeeding)

Sucking

→ oral contact with nipple

Swallowing

→ increases chance of nourishment and surviving

reflexes not fully automatic →

more likely to occur when infant is hungry

Motor Development

Locomotion

Individual and Cultural differences

• context in which infants are developing matter to their progress

• Exercises for limb manipulation

• Use of diapers impact on walking pattern