lab practical 1

simple squamous epithelium

-single layer of flattened cells -the typical preparation to show these cells are made from a cheek smear -the cells have a polyhedron shape from above & a flattened appearance when viewed from the side -another location where this is found is in the alveoli of lungs

simple squamous epithelium

simple cuboidal epithelium

single layer of cube shaped epithelial cells -found in ducts of glands or sections of the kidneys showing the kidney tubules

simple cuboidal epithelium

simple columnar epithelium

single layer of column shaped epithelial cells. cells are longer than they are wider. found in the lining of the intestinal tract and fallopian tubes

simple columnar epithelium

stratified squamous epithelium

multilayered tissue of squamous (squished) epithelial cells. the multiple layers provide protection such as in the epidermis of the skin. these cells may appear cuboidal but change to squamous as they reach the later.

stratified squamous epithelium

areolar connective tissue

loose connective tissue. found between organs and contains various types of fibers, cells and ground substance.

areolar connective tissue

adipose tissue

fat -fat droplet is center of the cell pushes the nucleus to the periphery of the cell

adipose tissue

compact bone

arranged in circular-like structures --small darkly stained osteocytes that surround a central canal

compact bone

skeletal muscle

-contains many striations and peripherally located nuclei -the cells are elongated and called muscle fibers - muscle tissue is connected to bones

skeletal muscle

cardiac muscle

-contains striations -has 1-2 centrally located nuclei -muscle cells are connected by gap junctions known as intercalated discs which transmit electrical impulses -cells are attached at angles creating a branched appearance

cardiac muscle

smooth muscle

-lacks striations and contains spindle shaped cells -cells contain one centrally located nucleus -found along hollow organs including the digestive & respiratory tracts

smooth muscle

nervous tissue

-characterized by presence of neurons and neuroglia -neurons are the functional cells of ….

nervous tissue

long bone - diaphysis

shaft of the long bone

6

diaphysis

long bone - epiphysis proximal

rounded ends of a long bone
-closer to the body center

1.

Epiphysis (Proximal)

long bone- epiphysis distal

rounded ends of long bone
-farther away from center of body

Epiphysis (Distal)

long bone- spongy bone

Latticework of bone. Found in small flat bones, near the ends of long bones

Spongy bone

long bone- compact bone

dense outer layer with few internal spaces

Compact Bone

long bone- medullary cavity

inner most portion of the bone, where red and/or yellow bone marrow is located

Medullary Cavity

The human skeleton contains —— bones

206

Axial skeleton

Contains skull, vertebral column, sternum, & ribs
Provides protection & support for internal organs

Appendicular skeleton

Contains pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and limbs 
Allows for movement 

There are more bones in the —- skeleton

fetal

In fetuses, the hyaline model (——) has not ossified

cartilage

Fontanels

The bones of the cranium are connected by fibrous membranes called …. This allows for more flexibility during birth and growth

Nondisplaced fractures

a crack or break but the bones stays in its place

nondisplaced fracture

Displaced fracture

where a bone is broken and it does not align together correctly

displaced fracture

when a break occurs

-bleeding occurs until a clot is formed -fibroblasts invade the clot and secrete collagen fibers to form a callus linking -osteoblasts transform the cartilage formed by fibroblasts into bone

male pelvis post puberty

pelvic cavity is narrower and less roomy . coccyx is less movable. pelvis heavy and thick. pelvis inlet and outlet smaller

female pelvis post puberty

pelvic cavity is wider and deeper. coccyx more movable. pelvis light and thin. pelvic inlet and outlet larger 

female pelvis

male pelvis

bipedal skeleton 

-short, flat, bowl shaped pelvis -S-shaped vertebral column -femurs come in at angle -nondivergent toes

quadrupedal skeleton

-long, narrow pelvis -c-shaped vertebral column -femurs are straight down -divergent toes

blood flow is important for healing

-blood contains nutrients and oxygen. it also removes carbon dioxide & waste. -bones are continuously remodeling throughout life. due to this, bones have good blood supply. -ligaments are dense regular connective tissue and have limited amounts of blood supply

arthritis

inflammation of joints. -can cause narrow joint space -bone erosions -bone spurs
cartilage on the long bones prevent bones from rubbing against each other

Anterior Skull 1.

Frontal bone

Anterior skull 2.

Nasal bone

Anterior skull 3.

zygomatic bone

anterior skull 4.

maxilla

anterior skull 5 

mandible

lateral skull 1

parietal bone

lateral skull 2

temporal bone

lateral skull 3

occipital bone

lateral skull 4

frontal bone

lateral skull 5

nasal bone

lateral skull 6

zygomatic bone

lateral skull 7

maxilla

lateral skull 8

mandible

skull

occipital bone

1 vertebral column

cervical vertebrae

vertebral column 2

lumbar vertebrae

vertebral column 3

thoracic vertebrae

vertebral column 4

sacrum

vertebral column 5

coccyx

sternum

rib

hyoid

clavicle

scapula

humerus

ulna

radius

radius (top) ulna (bottom)

pubic symphysis

pelvic bones

femur

patella

tibia

fibula

tibia (top) & fibula (bottom)

1

phalanges

2

metacarpals

3

carpals

foot 1

phalanges

2

metatarsals

3

tarsals

flexion

-bending of a joint that brings bones closer together ex: bending knee

extension

straightening of the joint which makes the bone furthers apart -ex straightening of the knee

abduction

moving a limb away from the midline of the body -ex moving ur hand outward

adduction

moving a limb toward midline of the body -moving your hand inward

rotation

-bone turns around along its long axis -ex: windmill arms

supination

-bone is turned backwards -ex back of hand to palm