HGAP

Types of agriculture

Different methods of farming such as subsistence, commercial, and industrial agriculture.

Environmental and social consequences

Impacts of agriculture on ecosystems and community structures.

Cultural diffusion

The spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another.

Urbanization

The process of the population moving from rural areas to urban areas.

Central place theory

A spatial theory in urban economics that explains the size and distribution of cities.

Suburbanization

The process by which people move from cities to residential areas on the outskirts.

Gentrification

The process of renovating and improving a neighborhood, often displacing lower-income residents.

Smart-growth policies

Urban planning strategies aimed at sustainable development and minimizing sprawl.

Outsourcing

The practice of obtaining goods or services from an external or foreign supplier.

Rostow’s stages of economic growth

A model that outlines five stages of economic development.

Core-periphery relationships

The economic and social disparities between developed (core) and developing (peripheral) regions.

Weber’s comparative costs

A theory that analyzes the location of industries based on transportation costs.

Measures of development

Indicators used to assess the economic progress and social well-being of nations.

Census data

Statistical data collected from the population regarding various demographic indicators.

Urban Sustainability Challenges

Issues faced by cities in balancing growth, environment, and social equity.

Trade and the world economy

The exchange of goods and services that occurs on a global scale.