Liberty or Liberation Flashcards

Key vocabulary and figures from the lecture notes.

Who was Marcus Garvey?

Jamaican-born Black nationalist who led the Back-to-Africa movement and founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association.

What is Jazz?

A music genre rooted in African American communities, blending blues, ragtime, and improvisation, which became a key element of the Harlem Renaissance.

Who was Louis Armstrong?

Famous jazz trumpeter and singer known for his virtuosic skill and charisma; symbol of jazz's popularity.

Who was Bessie Smith?

Influential blues singer of the 1920s; known as the 'Empress of the Blues.'

What was the Harlem Renaissance?

Cultural, artistic, and intellectual movement of the 1920s centered in Harlem that celebrated Black identity and creativity.

Who was Claude McKay?

Harlem Renaissance poet and novelist who explored Black life and resistance to racism.

Who was Langston Hughes?

Leading poet of the Harlem Renaissance; his works celebrated Black culture and addressed social injustice.

Who was Zora Neale Hurston?

Anthropologist and author known for her portrayal of Black life in the rural South; wrote 'Their Eyes Were Watching God.'

Who was Florence Kelley?

Progressive reformer who fought against child labor and for working women's rights.

What was the National Consumers League (NCL)?

Organization led by Florence Kelley that advocated for worker protections and ethical consumerism.

What was the Temperance Movement?

Social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages, heavily supported by women.

Who was Margaret Sanger?

Pioneer of birth control advocacy and founder of what would become Planned Parenthood.

Who was Ida B. Wells?

Anti-lynching journalist and suffragist who highlighted racism in both the North and South.

Who was Carrie Chapman Catt?

Leader of NAWSA who helped secure passage of the 19th Amendment.

What was the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)?

Mainstream suffrage organization that pursued voting rights for women through state and federal campaigns.

Who was Alice Paul?

Radical suffragist and author of the Equal Rights Amendment; led the National Woman's Party.

What was the Nineteenth Amendment?

Constitutional amendment ratified in 1920 that granted women the right to vote.

Who was Frances Willard?

Leader of the Women's Christian Temperance Union and advocate for social reform.

What is Suffrage?

The right to vote, especially in political elections.

Who was Susan B. Anthony?

Prominent 19th-century suffragist and co-founder of the National Woman Suffrage Association.

Who were the Beatniks?

1950s youth subculture that rejected mainstream values and promoted artistic expression and anti-conformity.

What was Urban Renewal?

Post-WWII policy of redeveloping cities that often displaced low-income and minority communities.

What was the Termination Policy?

U.S. government policy to assimilate Native Americans by ending tribal status and cutting federal support.

What is Rock-and-Roll?

Popular music genre blending rhythm and blues and country; symbolized youth rebellion.

Who was Elvis Presley?

Rock-and-roll icon known for his provocative performance style and cultural influence.

What was the Red Scare?

Period of intense fear of communism in the U.S., particularly in the late 1940s-50s.

What was the Smith Act?

1940 law making it illegal to advocate violent overthrow of the government.

What was the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)?

Congressional committee that investigated suspected communist activity in the U.S.

Who were the Hollywood Ten?

Group of writers and directors who were blacklisted after refusing to testify before HUAC.

What was a Blacklist?

List of individuals in entertainment or government barred from work due to suspected communist ties.

Who was Alger Hiss?

State Department official accused of being a Soviet spy; convicted of perjury.

Who were Julius and Ethel Rosenberg?

American couple executed for allegedly passing atomic secrets to the USSR.

What were the Venona Papers?

Declassified documents that confirmed some American spying for the Soviets during the Cold War.

What is McCarthyism?

The practice of making unsubstantiated accusations of disloyalty or communism; named after Senator Joseph McCarthy.

Who was Joseph R. McCarthy?

U.S. senator who led aggressive investigations into alleged communists in government during the 1950s.

What was the Counterculture movement?

1960s youth movement that rejected mainstream culture, promoted peace, and embraced alternative lifestyles.

What was the Generation Gap?

Differences in values and attitudes between younger and older generations during the 1960s.

Who were the Beatles?

British rock band whose music and image influenced 1960s culture and the counterculture movement.

What are Communes?

Living arrangements where people shared resources and responsibilities, often embraced by counterculture groups.

Who was Cesar Chavez?

Labor leader and civil rights activist who co-founded the United Farm Workers (UFW).

What is a Migrant Farmworker?

A laborer who moves from place to place to harvest crops.

What was the United Farm Workers (UFW)?

Union of farmworkers founded by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta to fight for better wages and conditions.

What was the Chicano Movement?

Civil rights movement focused on Mexican American empowerment in education, politics, and labor.

What was the American Indian Movement (AIM)?

Organization advocating for Native American rights, sovereignty, and cultural preservation.

What was the Japanese American Citizens League?

Organization advocating for civil rights of Japanese Americans, especially post-WWII.

Who was Ralph Nader?

Consumer rights activist who exposed unsafe practices in industries, especially automobiles.

Who was Hector P. Garcia?

Mexican American doctor and WWII veteran who founded the American GI Forum to advocate for Latino veterans.

Who was Dolores Huerta?

Labor organizer and co-founder of the UFW; fought for Latino workers' rights and coined 'Sí se puede'.

What was the Seneca Falls Convention (1848)?

The first women’s rights convention in the United States, organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott in Seneca Falls, NY, which sparked First Wave Feminism, igniting the campaign for women’s suffrage and legal rights.

What was the Declaration of Sentiments?

A manifesto produced at the Seneca Falls Convention (1848) and primarily authored by Elizabeth Cady Stanton. It declared that “the history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman” and listed grievances mirroring those in the Declaration of Independence. By demanding the franchise and other equal rights, this document became a foundational text of the women’s rights movement.

Who was Susan B. Anthony?

A leading women’s suffragist of the 19th century who, alongside Elizabeth Cady Stanton, campaigned for women’s right to vote for decades. The 19th Amendment granting women the vote (ratified 1920) was widely called the “Susan B. Anthony Amendment” in honor of her leadership.

What was the 19th Amendment?

Guaranteed that the right to vote could not be denied on account of sex – in effect, it gave American women the right to vote nationally. It was nicknamed the “Susan B. Anthony Amendment” because Susan B. Anthony had led the suffrage movement.

What were Suffragist Strategies?

Wide range of tactics to agitate for the vote. These included: parades and public marches, street speaking campaigns and lecture tours, propaganda in newspapers, pamphlets, and posters, pageants and theatrical demonstrations, organized women’s clubs and petition drives, picketing, and even deliberate civil disobedience leading to imprisonment.

What was the Temperance Movement?

In the 19th and early 20th centuries, many women embraced temperance (anti-alcohol) activism because alcohol abuse by men had devastating effects on home life. Drunkenness often led to domestic violence and financial instability for families. By campaigning to limit or ban alcohol, women hoped to reduce spousal abuse and improve family welfare.

What was the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)?

Founded in 1874, was a massive women-led organization dedicated to banning alcohol (temperance). Reacting to how saloons and liquor were ruining families, thousands of women began to protest and organize for temperance in the 1870s. Under the leadership of Frances Willard, it became a powerful force.

What was Prohibition?

Refers to the period from 1920 to 1933 when the 18th Amendment to the Constitution outlawed the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcoholic beverages nationwide. This amendment – the result of decades of temperance campaigning – was ratified in 1919 and took effect in 1920. Women played a crucial role in bringing about Prohibition.

What was Women's Employment during the Great Depression?

Female employment actually rose by about 24% from 1930 to 1940, largely because the jobs women commonly held were less affected by industrial layoffs. However, working women faced public criticism; many believed women should relinquish jobs to unemployed men. New Deal policies even institutionalized gender norms: for instance, the Economy Act of 1932 required that if a married couple both held federal jobs, the wife be the one fired first.

What was the World War II Impact on Women?

With millions of men off to war, labor shortages meant women were recruited into industrial and defense jobs traditionally held by men, such as building planes, tanks, and ships. Government propaganda celebrated “Rosie the Riveter” – the symbol of women war-workers – encouraging women to join factories as a patriotic duty.

Who was Rosie the Riveter?

Is an iconic figure of World War II, representing the American women who worked in factories and shipyards during the war. First popularized by a 1942 song and later by images like Rockwell’s painting and the Westinghouse poster, Rosie symbolized female patriotism and industrial strength.

What was the Second Wave of Feminism?

A women’s rights movement that broadened the fight beyond voting rights to a wide array of social, economic, and personal freedoms. Second-wave feminists sought equal opportunities in employment and education, an end to pay disparities, access to birth control and abortion, and legal equality. The movement’s early spark is often credited to Betty Friedan’s 1963 book The Feminine Mystique.

Who was Betty Friedan?

Wrote The Feminine Mystique (1963), a groundbreaking book that challenged the notion that women could find fulfillment only as wives and mothers. In 1966, Friedan co-founded the National Organization for Women (NOW), which became the era’s largest feminist organization, fighting for equality in employment, pay, education, political representation, and reproductive rights.

What was the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)?

A proposed U.S. constitutional amendment that declares, “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.” It was originally written by Alice Paul and first introduced in Congress in the 1920s, after women won suffrage.

Who was Alice Paul?

Was a prominent suffragist leader in the early 20th century – she founded the National Woman’s Party and was instrumental in the final push for the 19th Amendment. Paul went on to author the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) in 1923, believing that full legal equality for women was the next step.

Who was Phyllis Schlafly?

Conservative women who led the “STOP ERA” organization. Schlafly argued that American women did not need or want an Equal Rights Amendment, claiming women already enjoyed special status and protections that the ERA would erase.

What was The Feminine Mystique?

Influential book by Betty Friedan that is often credited with igniting Second Wave Feminism. In the book, Friedan explored “the problem that has no name” – the deep dissatisfaction of many suburban housewives who felt unfulfilled by only marriage and motherhood.

What is Title IX?

A landmark federal civil rights law enacted in 1972 as part of the Education Amendments. It states that “no person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.”

What was Roe v. Wade (1973)?

U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution protects a woman’s right to choose to have an abortion, at least in the early stages of pregnancy, without excessive government restriction. The Court found that a right to privacy encompassed reproductive choice, thereby legalizing abortion nationwide.

What was Third Wave Feminism?

A feminist movement marked by its emphasis on diversity, individuality, and intersectionality. Unlike the Second Wave, which was often critiqued for focusing on middle-class white women’s experiences, the Third Wave stressed that women’s identities and needs differ across race, class, sexuality, etc.

What was Riot Grrrl movement?

An underground feminist punk movement that emerged in the early 1990s (part of Third Wave feminism). Centered in music scenes with bands and fans created a subculture blending loud, aggressive punk music with pro-woman, anti-establishment messages. They produced homemade zines to discuss topics like rape, body image, patriarchy, sexuality, and empowerment.

What were the Early LGBTQIA+ Rights Milestones?

Decades before the Stonewall uprising, LGBTQ individuals in the U.S. had already begun organizing. In 1924, Henry Gerber founded the Society for Human Rights in Chicago, which is recognized as the first documented gay rights organization in America . Later, in 1950, gay activists including Harry Hay formed the Mattachine Foundation/Society in Los Angeles, one of the first enduring gay organizations, which sought to support gay men through discussion groups and advocacy.

What was The Lavender Scare?

Refers to the wave of government persecution of LGBTQ individuals during the Cold War, particularly in the early 1950s. It paralleled the Red Scare, when Americans feared communist infiltration. In 1953, at the height of McCarthyism, President Eisenhower signed Executive Order 10450, explicitly banning gay men and lesbians from federal employment .

What was The Mattachine Society?

Was one of the first gay rights organizations in the United States. Founded in 1950 in Los Angeles by Harry Hay and a small group of gay men, the Mattachine Society sought to improve the lives of gay men at a time when homosexuality was criminalized and heavily stigmatized.

What was The Daughters of Bilitis?

Founded in 1955 in San Francisco, was the first lesbian civil rights organization in the U.S.. It was started by four lesbian couples, including founders Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon. The group provided a safe social space for lesbians and published a newsletter called The Ladder, which was the first nationally distributed lesbian publication.

Who was Frank Kameny?

Was a pioneering gay rights activist. In 1957 he was fired from his job as a government astronomer due to being gay (as part of the Lavender Scare). He fought back becoming an outspoken activist and coined the slogan “Gay is Good” in the 1960s . He is called “the grandfather of the gay rights movement,”

What were The Stonewall Riots (1969)?

Were a series of protests and clashes that began in the early hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn – a gay bar in New York City’s Greenwich Village. Police raids on gay bars were routine in the 1960s, but this time the patrons fought back. The Stonewall Uprising was spontaneous, but its impact was enormous: it galvanized the modern gay liberation movement.

What is Gay Pride?

Refers to the positive stance against discrimination and violence toward LGBTQ people, and the celebration of LGBTQ identity, community, and culture. Pride often manifests in marches or parades each year. The very first Pride marches took place on June 28, 1970, marking the one-year anniversary of the Stonewall Riots.

Who was Harvey Milk?

Was a pioneering figure in LGBTQ history as one of the first openly gay elected officials in the United States. In 1977, Milk won a seat on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors (city council), making him the first openly gay man elected to a significant public office in California.

What was the First National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights?

Took place in 1979 (about a decade after Stonewall). On October 14, 1979, an estimated 100,000 people from across the country gathered in Washington, D.C., to demand equal civil rights and to urge the passage of protective civil rights legislation.

What was the AIDS Crisis in the 1980s?

Devastated the LGBTQ community, especially gay men, in the 1980s and early 1990s. The epidemic began around 1981 and quickly became a major public health crisis. This led to a severe stigma and a resurgence of homophobia and the gay rights movement was set back. Over time, the LGBTQ community forged stronger unity and visibility through this fight.

What was “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell”?

Was a U.S. military policy regarding service by gay and lesbian soldiers, enacted in 1993. Under DADT, gay, lesbian, or bisexual people could serve in the military only if they kept their sexual orientation secret. The military would “not ask” recruits about their sexuality, and service members were not to “tell” or reveal that they were gay.

What was the Defense of Marriage Act (1996)?

Was a law passed by Congress and signed by President Bill Clinton in 1996 that defined marriage for federal purposes as the union of one man and one woman. The law was a major setback for LGBTQ rights in the ’90s.

What was the Legalization of Same-Sex Marriage?

Same-sex marriage became legal throughout the entire United States in 2015 as a result of the Supreme Court’s decision in Obergefell v. Hodges. This ruling meant that all states had to allow and recognize marriages between gay and lesbian couples.

Who was Renée Richards?

Is a transgender woman who became a symbol of trans rights in sports in the 1970s. In 1977, the New York Supreme Court ruled in her favor, deciding that excluding her was grossly unfair and that she had the right to compete as a woman . This was a landmark case for transgender athletes.

What happened in 1973 and its significance for the LGBTQ+ Rights Movement?

Is significant because it was the year the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of mental disorders. This decision marked a huge shift in the medical establishment’s view, essentially stating that being gay is not an illness.

How was the term “Lavender Menace” used in the context of feminism and LGBTQ+ rights?

Was used in 1970 by Betty Friedan to describe what she saw as the threat that outspoken lesbians posed to the women’s movement. In response, a group of lesbian feminists, including Rita Mae Brown and Karla Jay, reappropriated the term. This clever action effectively forced the mainstream women’s movement to confront lesbian inclusion.

Who was Gladys Bentley?

Was an African American blues singer and lesbian icon of the 1920s Harlem Renaissance. She was famous for performing in Harlem nightclubs in a tuxedo and top hat, openly flirting with women in the audience in her lyrics – a bold defiance of gender and sexual norms at the time.

What was the Impact of the Harlem Renaissance on LGBTQIA+ People?

The Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s was primarily a blossoming of African American cultural and artistic expression in Harlem, New York – but it also created an environment where LGBTQ individuals, especially Black queer people, could explore and express themselves.

Who was Shirley Chisholm?

Was a trailblazing African American politician and a champion of both civil rights and women’s rights. In 1968, she became the first Black woman elected to the U.S. Congress . In 1972, Shirley Chisholm made history again by running for President – the first Black person to seek a major party’s presidential nomination and also the first woman to run for the Democratic Party’s ticket.

What was Alice Paul's Quote about?

Alice Paul's Quote: “There will never be a new world order until women are a part of it.”

“There will never be a new world order until women are a part of it.” said this to emphasize that true peace and progress globally required women’s equal participation,

What was Phyllis Schlafly's Quote about?

Phyllis Schlafly's Quote: “American women are the most privileged class of people who ever lived. … Women’s libbers do not speak for the majority of women. We do not want to trade our special privileges for the mess of pottage called the Equal Rights Amendment.”

“American women are the most privileged class of people who ever lived. … Women’s libbers do not speak for the majority of women. We do not want to trade our special privileges for the mess of pottage called the Equal Rights Amendment.” argued that traditional gender roles actually benefitted women.

What was Betty Friedan's Quote about?

Betty Friedan's Quote: “I propose that on August 26, we call a

“I propose that on August 26, we call a 24-hour strike of women… a resistance, both passive