hormones

source, targets, and effects of each hormone

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

source: hypothalamus

target: anterior pituitary

effects: release of TSH

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

source: anterior pituitary

target: thyroid follicular cells

effects: release of T3/T4 & increased cell division

triiodothyrine and thyroxine (T3 & T4)

source: thyroid follicular cells

target: most cells in the body, bone, nervous tissue

effects: increased basal metabolic rate, increased body heat, increased expression of Na+/K+ pumps, increased expression of aerobic respiration enzymes, increased number and activity of mitochondria, increased heart rate (most cells), normal development during childhood (bone/nervous tissue)

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

source: parathyroid gland

target: kidneys, bone

effects: increased Ca++ reabsorption from urine, calcitriol secretion (kidneys), bone resorption: release of Ca++ (bone)

calcitriol

source: kidney

target: small intestine, kidney

effects: increased absorption of Ca++ from food (SI), increased reabsoprtion of Ca++ from tubular fluid (kidney)

growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

source: hypothalamus

target: anterior pituitary

effects: release of GH

growth hormone (GH)

source: anterior pituitary

target: most cells in the body, liver, adipocytes

effects: growth, increased protein synthesis, decreased protein breakdown (most cells), release of insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I & IGF-II) (liver), triglycerides breakdown and release of free fatty acids into blood (adipocytes)

prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

source: hypothalamus

target: anterior pituitary

effects: inhibition of prolactin secretion

prolactin (PRL)

source: anterior pituitary

target: mammary glands

effects: production of milk

oxytocin (OT)

source: posterior pituitary

target: mammary glands (myoepithelial cells), uterine muscle

effects: ejection of milk (MG), contractions during childbirth (UM)

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

source: hypothalamus

target: anterior pituitary

effects: release of ACTH

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

source: anterior pituitary

target: adrenal cortex

effects: release of glucocorticoids (cortisol) and mineralocorticoids

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GRH)

source: hypothalamus

target: anterior pituitary

effects: release of FSH, release of LH

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

source: anterior pituitary

target: ovaries, testes

effects: growth of ovarian follicles, estrogen secretion (ovaries), sperm production (testes)

luteinizing hormone (LH)

source: anterior pituitary

target: ovaries, testes

effects: ovulation, maintenance of the corpus luteum (ovaries), testosterone secretion (testes)

estrogen

source: ovaries

target: many cells and tissues

effects: sexual development, reproduction

testosterone

source: testes

target: many cells and tissues

effects: sexual development, reproduction

aldosterone

source: adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa)

target: kidneys

effects: increased retention of Na+ and water

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

source: posterior pituitary

target: collecting duct

effects: increased reabsorption of water from urine

erythropoietin (EPO)

source: liver, kidney

target: red bone marrow

effects: increased RBC production

leptin

source: adipocytes

target: brain

effects: long-term regulation of hunger

insulin

source: beta cells of the pancreatic islets

target: liver, adipocytes, skeletal muscle

effects: increased glycogenesis, increased fatty acid synthesis, decreased gluconeogenesis (liver), increased triglyceride synthesis, triglyceride breakdown inhibited (adipocytes) increased glucose uptake, increased glycogenesis

glucagon

source: alpha cells of the pancreatic islets

target: liver, adipocytes

effects: increased glycogenolysis, increased gluconeogenesis (liver), triglyceride breakdown and release of free fatty acids into blood (adipocytes)