Immunology ppt 4 {innate and adaptive acquired immunity}

What is innate immuntity?

1st line of defense in body, immediate ; non-specific. It is short, and responds the same way every time

What is components of innate immunity?

Skin, mucous membranes, cilia, and eyelashes

How is the Skin a defense system?

A physical barrier by the epidermis and consists of keratinocytes. Keratins are resistant to bacterial enzymes and toxins

How is the mucous membrane a defense system?

It lines the body cavity and organs (ex. GI, respiratory, genitourinary tract)

How is cilia a defense system ?

Moves mucus away from lungs

How does the ear and lacrimal apparatus a defense system?

The ear wax creates fatty acids that maintain low pH that inhibit growth of numerous pathogenic microorganisms. For the lacrimal apparatus, it produces and drains tears which flush microbes from the eye's surface

What are chemical barriers ?

Stomach acid (1-3pH), lysozyme in tears/ saliva, antimicrobial peptides, low pH of skin (5.5) and vagina (4.4), flushing actions of tears etc.

What is sebum?

An oily substance from the skin's sebaceous glands that prevent hair from drying and protects the layer of skin. Its fatty acid content inhibit growth of pathogenic bacteria and fungi

What is a Lysozyme?

An antimicrobial enzyme that forms the innate immune system in tears, saliva, urine, etc.

How is low pH apart of chemical factor?

There is low pH in GI, skin, and vagina that reduces growth of microbes. Anything below pH 7 is acidic and above 7 is basic

What is perspiration?

Secreted by sweat glands in skin that regulate body temperature, removing waste products and cleaning the skin. Also contains lysozyme that degrades gram positive bacteria to negative

How is saliva a chemical factor?

It contains amylase for digesting starch with a slightly acidic pH and immunoglobin that suppresses/ detaches microbes

How is Vaginal secretions a chemical factor?

Helps inhibit bacterial growth by acidic pH generated through the breakdown of glycogen into latic acid

How is urine a chemical factor?

Contains lysozyme and maintains an acidic pH (6) which inhibits microbes

What are some cellular defenses ? 2nd line of defense

Neutrophils, macrophages , dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and mast cells

Macrophages

Phagocytosis and cytokine release

What are some souble factors?

Complement system(proteins), cytokines, chemokines (cytokines like), interferons , acute-phase proteins

Inflammation

Increases blood flow and immune cell recruitment

Fever

Inhibits pathogen growth

What is Adaptive immunity ?

Also kwn as aquired immunity is immunity that you get from vaccines(memory) , parent, or getting sick(adaptive). Specific and long duration

RBCs

Transport oxygen from lungs to tissues. Contain hemoglobin, it carries oxygen

What do monocytes mature into?

Macrophages

What are lymphocytes again?

Natural killer cell, that destroy target cells

What are natural killer cells?

A type of cytotoxic lymphocyte that is critical to innate immune system. It kills abnormal cells, tumor cells and cells lacking MHC class 1 molecules

What are Pathogen associated molecular patterns?

Peptidoglycan, flagellin, lipopolysaccharide, lipopeptides (expressed by bacteria) and nucleic acids.

What is special about pahagocytic cells?

They contain pattern recognition receptors. They are found on plasma membrane or phagosomes.

What is process of PRR?

When PRR recognizes pamps it sends a signal to nucleus that activates genes involved in phagocytosis and intracellular killing

What are interferons ?

Interferes with viral replications, that is secreted by cells when virus particles

IFN-a & b

Activate cells to produce antiviral proteins that inhibit viral replication

IFN- y

Activation of neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytize bacteria

What is the complement system ?

A family of proteins produced in the liver and circulate in the blood .

What does the complement system do?

Stimulate phagocytes to become more active , coats microbes to be more of a target, lysing bacteria, attracting phagocytes to site of infection

What are some immune responses ?

Phagocytosis, secrecting cytokines that activate other defensive cells , presenting fragments of pathogenic antigens to lymphocytes , activate inflammatory response , and complement system

What are steps in phagocytosis ?

Activation, chemotaxis, attachment , ingestion , destruction and exocytosis

Why are antimicrobial substances important?

Depresses microbial growth using AMPs, iron binding proteins(remove pathogens from avalible iron and interferons