2.1 2.3, 2.2

What is abstraction?

Removing unnecessary details to simplify a problem.

What is decomposition?

Breaking a complex problem into smaller parts.

What does algorithmic thinking involve?

Logical steps to solve a problem systematically.

What does input in an algorithm mean?

Data received before processing starts.

What does process in an algorithm mean?

The steps taken to transform input into output.

What does output mean?

The result produced by an algorithm.

What is a structure diagram?

A visual way to organize algorithm logic before writing code.

What is pseudocode?

A structured way to describe an algorithm in plain language.

What does a trace table help you to do?

Follow variable values through each step of an algorithm.

What is linear search?

Searching each item in a list in order until found.

What is binary search?

Efficient search by repeatedly halving a sorted list.

What is bubble sort?

Sorting by repeatedly swapping adjacent elements.

What is insertion sort?

Building a sorted list by inserting each element into its place.

What is merge sort?

A divide-and-conquer algorithm that splits and merges sorted lists.

What is a variable?

A named storage location in memory.

What is a constant?

A fixed value that doesn't change during execution.

What does assignment mean?

Storing a value in a variable.

What does sequence in programming mean?

Executing code in order from top to bottom.

What does selection control flow using?

Decisions (IF…ELSE).

What does iteration mean?

Repeating code (loops: WHILE/REPEAT).

What is an integer?

A whole number type.

What is a real?

A decimal number type.

What is a Boolean?

True/False logical type.

What does casting mean?

Changing a variable from one data type to another.

What is string concatenation?

Joining two strings together.

What does file handling include?

Open, Read, Write, Close.

What is an array?

A fixed-length list of data elements.

What does SQL SELECT do?

Retrieve data from a database.

What does random number generation do?

Produces unpredictable values for use in programs.

What do subprograms (functions/procedures) help with?

Organizing reusable code.

What is input validation?

Checking data is sensible before use.

What does authentication mean?

Confirming the identity of a user.

What does maintainability refer to?

Easy-to-read and change code.

Why use comments?

Explain code and help others understand it.

What does indentation improve?

Structure and readability of code.

What do naming conventions help with?

Giving meaningful names to variables and functions.

What is the purpose of testing?

Find and fix errors.

What are syntax errors?

Language rule mistakes that prevent running.

What do logic errors cause?

Incorrect output while still running.

What do boundary test data tests?

Edge values at limits of valid input.

What is invalid test data?

Incorrect type/format that should be rejected.

What does a test plan mean?

A list of test cases to check program behavior.