Chapter 7 - Anatomy and physiology

Describe the anatomical position

- Facing forwards

- Standing erect

- Palms facing forwards

- Arms to the side

What are some common positions to place patients in?

- Supine position (On their back)

- Prone position (On their stomach)

- Lateral recumbent (Normally on their left side)

- Fowlers position (Sitting up or at an incline)

- Knee-chest position (Prone with weight on knees and elbows, and normally for pregnant women)

Why are the trendelenburg and shock positions no longer recommended?

Positions causes organs to move into diaphragm making breathing harder

What is the midline?

- Midline (Line through center of body when facing forward)

What is the midclavicular line?

Line through left and right clavicle facing forwards

What is the midaxillary line?

Line through center of body when facing sideways

What is the anterior axillary line?

drops vertically from the anterior axillary fold

What is the posterior axillary line?

drops vertically from the posterior axillary fold

What does anterior mean?

Towards the front

What does posterior mean?

Towards the back

What does superior mean?

Upper/above

What does inferior mean?

Lower/below

What does distal mean?

Further away from center of body

What does proximal mean?

Closer to center of body

What does medial mean?

Towards the midline

What does lateral mean?

Away from the midline

What does flexion mean?

Contracting movement

What does extension mean?

Straightening movement

What does supination mean?

Turning the palm up

What does pronation mean?

Turning the palm down

What does palmer mean?

Towards the palm/on the palm

What does plantar mean?

Towards the sole/on the sole of the foot

What are the four quadrants of the abdomen?

- Left upper

- Left lower

- Right upper

- Right lower

What does abduction mean?

Moving away from the midline

What does adduction mean?

Movement towards midline body

What is the function of the skeletal system?

- Support

- Protection

- Movement

- Storage

- Red blood cells

What is the function of the muscular system?

- Movement

- Posture maintenance

- Heat generation

What is the function of the respiratory system?

- Movement of gases in and out of the body

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

- Transport nutrients and waste

- Fight infections

- Seal bleeding/leaks

- Maintain pH balance

What is the function of the nervous system?

- Control and maintain consciousness

- Transmits motor and sensory signals

- Regulate body functions

What is the function of the integumentary system? (Skin)

- Protection

- Temperature regulation

- Excretion

- Sensation

What is the function of the renal system? (Kidneys)

- Filters excretes waste

- Maintains fluid balance

- Maintains electrolyte balance

What is the function of the endocrine system?

- Hormone production and secretion

- Works with nervous system

What is the function of the digestive system?

- Breaks down food

- Nutrient absorption

- Excretion

What is perfusion?

Transport of O2 to cells and waste away from cells

What is hypoperfusion?

Low levels of perfusion

What are the components of cardiac output?

- Stroke volume (volume of blood pumped in a contraction)

- Heart rate (contractions per minute)

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

- Activated when body is stressed (fight/flight)

- Increases HR

- Increases Contractility

- Speeds conduction through AV node

- Adrenaline/epinephrine hormone

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

- Activates when body is relaxed (breed/feed)

- Lowers heart rate

- Decreases contractility

- Acetylcholine hormone

What two components of the nervous system control consciousness?

- RAS (Reticular activity system)

- Either one of the brain hemispheres

- RAS always has to work, but only one hemisphere is needed for consciousness

What is ventilation?

The movement of gases in and out of the lungs

What is oxygenation?

The movement of O2 between the alveoli and blood

What is respiration?

The movement of O2 between cells and blood

What is different about infant respiratory systems?

- Softer cartilage

- Smaller mouths and noses

- Proportionally larger tongues

- Rely more on diaphragmatic breathing

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

- Skeletal

- Smooth

- Cardiac

What are the mechanics of inhalation?

- Intercostal muscles contract and move out

- Diaphragm contracts and moves down

- Chest cavity expands/volume of lungs increase

- Gases move in to lungs

What are the mechanics of exhalation?

- Intercostal muscles relax and move in

- Diaphragm relaxes and moves up

- Chest cavity contracts/volume of lungs decrease

- Gases move out of lungs

How do you assess adequate vs. inadequate breathing?

Rate:

- Count respiratory rate

Volume:

- Look at chest rise

Quality:

- Listen for strange sounds when breathing

Describe movement of blood through the heart

1. Vena cava

2. Right atrium

3. Tricuspid valve

4. Right ventricle

5. Pulmonary ventricle

6. Pulmonary artery

7. Lungs

8. Pulmonary veins

9. Left atrium

10. Bicuspid valve

11. Left ventricle

12. Aortic valve

13. Aorta

What are the 4 valves of the heart?

Tricuspid:

- Between right atrium/ventricle

Bicuspid:

- Between left atrium/ventricle

Pulmonary:

- Between right ventricle/pulmonary artery

Aortic:

- Between left ventricle/aorta

What are the 4 major components of the blood?

- Red blood cells -> O2/Waste transport

- White blood cells -> Immune response

- Plasma -> Solvent/carries elements

- Platelets -> Clotting

What role does iron play in the blood?

Iron is a component of hemoglobin, which binds O2 molecules

What are the 5 sections of the spinal column?

1. Cervical

2. Thoracic

3. Lumbar

4. Sacral

5. Coccyx

What is preload?

Volume of blood in ventricles right before systole

What is afterload?

Resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood

What receptors do epinephrine and norepinephrine activate?

Epi:

- Activates both alpha and beta receptors

Norepi:

- Activates mainly alpha receptors

What do the two types of alpha receptors do?

Alpha 1:

- Causes vasoconstriction

Alpha 2:

- Inhibits alpha 1

What do the two types of beta receptors do?

Beta 1:

- Increases heart rate, contractility and force of contractions

Beta 2:

- Causes smooth muscles in lungs to dilate

Difference between ligament and tendon?

Ligament:

- Bone to bone

Tendon:

- Muscle to bone

What is the function of the gall bladder, liver and pancreas?

Gall bladder: Stores bile

Liver: Produces bile

Pancreas: Produces and secretes digestive enzymes

What system mainly controls fluid balance in the body?

Renal system