26.

Archaea are most similar to

Eukaryotes with a single membrane and thick cell wall

Archaea are resistant to a wide variety of antibiotics that are primarily produced by

Gram positive bacteria

Why are archaea resistant to gram positive produce antibiotics

these antibiotics primarily act on factors that distinguish
archaea from bacteria

Do archaea have more or less introns than bacteria

More because they are more complex

Archaeal ribosome

Same 70S ribosome as bacteria

Archaeal rRNAs

Same 23S, 16S, 5S as bacteria

Archaeal membrane is different than both eukaryotes and prokaryotes because

It has lipids but no fatty acids

Do archaea have peptidoglycan like bacteria

No they are like eukaryotes because they do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

‘Asgard’ superphylum

a group of archaea that includes key lineages proposed to be ancestral to eukaryotes.

Asgard genome

are also enriched for proteins formerly considered specific to eukaryotes

For the first 12 years of its existence the Archaea domain contained only two phyla, the Euryarchaeota and the Crenarchaeota. Now we have hundreds. What process/es have been key to unlocking
this diversity?

Nextgen sequencing for metagenomic analysis to find those phylogenetic relationships

Evolution of halobacteria

horizontal gene transfer on a massive scale transformed an obligately anaerobic, autotrophic methanogen into a heterotrophic, oxygen-respiring haloarchaeon

There are at least two lines of evidence for eukaryotes
branching off from within the Asgard archaeal
superphylum. One is that Asgard archaea cluster with
eukaryotes in phylogenomic analyses. What is the
other line of evidence?
(1) plasmids of essentially identical sequence have been
isolated from both Asgard archaea and eukaryotes
(2) Asgard archaea and eukaryotes have alternative
codon usage relative to bacteria and non-Asgard archaea
(3) horizontal gene transfer occurs at high frequency
between Asgard archaea and single-cell eukaryotes
(4) the average genome GC% of Asgard archaea is
similar to that of eukaryotes, but differs from non-Asgard
archaea
(5) the genomes of Asgard archaea are enriched for
proteins formerly considered specific to eukaryote

the genomes of Asgard archaea are enriched for
proteins formerly considered specific to eukaryotes

why do we see multiple bands for the
uncut plasmid DNA from E. coli in the figure below?

different conformations of the plasmid, such as supercoiled, nicked, and linear forms

Archaeal cell fusion

the temporary formation of heterodiploid cells to facilitate bi-directional transfer of both chromosomal AND plasmid DNA

Which of the answers below is a natural
mechanism of horizontal gene transfer
that occurs in the Archaea that would
remain functional following the addition
of DNases to the media?
(1) CRISPR/Cas9-mediated HGT
(2) Membrane vesicle-mediated transfer
(3) Transformation
(4) Reverse-transcription
(5) Electroporation

Membrane vesicle-mediated transfer

Telomerase

reverse transcriptase that carries its own RNA molecule which is used as a template when it elongates telomeres

Loss of heterozygosity (LOH)

genetic event whereby one allele is lost, leading to part of the genome appearing homozygous

What are the mechanisms of LOH

chromosome loss, recombination, gene conversion, and
gene deletion