Oxidation and Reduction Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds (copy)

Severe Oxidation

• Notable Points:

  • Results in the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids.

  • Aldehyde loses 1 carbon in the oxidation process.

  • Mild oxidation differentiates between aldehydes and ketones.

Mild Oxidation

• Purpose:

  • To differentiate between aldehydes and ketones.

• Observations:

  • Aldehyde will show a reaction while ketone will show no reaction.

Fehling's Test

• Components:

  • Fehling's solution, NaOH, Cu(OH)_2 (blue solution)

• Reaction for Aldehyde: Cu{2}O (red ppt)}

  • Indicates the presence of aldehyde.

• Reaction for Ketone:
  No Reaction

Tollens' Reagent/Silver Mirror Test

• Components:

  • Tollens' reagent [Ag(NH{3}){2}]OH

• Reactions:

  • Aldehyde Reaction:

  • Forms a silver mirror.

  • Ketone Reaction:
    No Reaction

Severe Reduction / Clemenson's Reduction

• Reagents:

  • Zn-Hg (Zinc amalgam)

• Reaction:

  • Converts Carbonyl Compounds to Alkanes.

Mild Reduction

• Reagents:

  • LiAlH_{4} used for the reduction of aldehydes/ketones.

• Reaction:

  • Aldehyde to Alcohol:

  • Ketone to Alcohol:

Cannizzaro Reaction

• Conditions:

  • Requires both compounds to be carbonyl and no alpha hydrogen present.

• Reaction:

  • Both oxidation and reduction occur, leading to a disproportionation reaction.

Aldol Condensation Reaction

• Conditions:

  • Both must be carbonyl compounds with at least one alpha hydrogen.

• Reaction:

  • Example:
    Aldol Product

Preparation Techniques

• Primary Alcohols from Aldehydes.

• Mild and severe oxidation.

• Reactions with different reagents determine the type of functional group present in the carbon chain.

Haloform Reaction

• General Reaction Framework:

• Reaction:

  • Indicates presence of methyl ketones.

Summary and Key Reagents

• Severe and mild oxidation methods to identify functional groups.

• Tollens' and Fehling's tests for aldehyde detection.

• Clemenson's and other reduction methods to convert carbonyls to alkanes or alcohols.

• Reactivity often depends on structure, particularly the presence of alpha hydrogens and type of carbonyl compounds.