AP Geo Unit 3 Review

Habit

A repetitive act performed by a particular individual

custom

The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act.

Folk Culture

- Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.- unknown origin- changes slowly over time- differs place to place in a time- disappearing but based on landscape- sustainable- relocation diffusion- clothing is based on environment, religion, history, and tourism- food relies on environment- housing is based on environment and cultural styles

material culture

a collection of social customs

popular culture

- Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.- changes rapidly in short amount of time (due to technology)- differs time to time in a place- comes from specific person/corporation- hierarchical diffusion from developed countries- clothing is reliant on fast fashion- food is reliant on cultural values and government policies

daily necessities

Food, clothing, and shelter. All people must consume food, wear clothing, and find shelter, but different cultural groups do so in distinctive ways

leisure activities

Each cultural group has its own definition of meaningful art and stimulating recreation.

Terroir

The sum of the effects on a particular food item of soil, climate, and other features of the local environment

taboo

A restriction on behavior imposed by social custom.

violated user rights

Harassing and attacking citizens who use social media to criticize government officials, or using social media to promote cultural values

Assimilation

the social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another

Acculturation

The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another.

Sycretism

A blend of two or more cultures or cultural traditions

language

A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.

culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Institutional language

A language used in education, work, mass media, and government.

official language

The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.

Literary Tradition

A language that is written as well as spoken

Developing language

A language spoken in daily use with a literary tradition that is not widely distributed.

vigorous language

A language that is spoken in daily use but lacks a literary tradition

in trouble/dying language

a language in the process of disappearing

language family

A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.

language branch

A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family.

language group

A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.

what are the largest language families?

Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan

Indo-European language family

Largest language family that includes English and most other languages in the Western Hemisphere. Also used in South and Southwest Asia.- popular groups: Balto-slavic, Romance, Indo-Iranian, Germanic- not popular groups: Albanian, Greek, Celtic, Armenian

Sino-Tibetan Language Family

2nd largest language family. Includes Madarin, Thai, Cantonese and Burmese

Southeast Asian language families

Austronesian (Indonesia), Austro-Asiatic (Vietnamese), and Tai-Kadai (Thailand and parts of China)

East Asian Language Families

Japanese and Korean

Other Asian language families

Dravidian origin: S. India & Sri Lanka% of world speakers: 3.6%Dravidian dominant: Tamil, Telugu
Altaic origin: Central Asia mtns% of world speakers: 2.6%Altaic dominant: Turkish, Uzbek, Azeri
Uralic origin: N. Ural mtns% of world speakers:

African Language Families

Afro-Asiatic, Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan

american language family

Quechua

Germanic Branch

A language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch is divided into North and West Germanic.
North Germanic includes Scandinavian languages (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic), which all came from Old Norse.
West Germanic is further divided into High Germanic and Low Germanic subgroups. High German includes the standard German language. Low German includes English, Dutch, Flemish (Dialect of Dutch), Afrikaaans, and Frisian.

Romance Branch

A language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes languages that evolved from Latin (the language of the Romans). The 5 main languages include: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, and Romanian.

Indo-Iranian Branch

The branch of the Indo-European language family with the most speakers. This branch includes more than 100 individual languages divided into an eastern group (Indic), which includes the languages of Hinid and Urdu and a western group (Iranian), which includes Farsi and Kurdish.

Balto-Slavic Branch

This branch of the Indo-European language family can be broken down into four groups: East Slavic (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian), Baltic (Latvian, Lithuanian), West Slavic (Polish, Czech, and Slovak), and South Slavic (Serbo-Croatian). Russian is the most widely used language in this branch, due to the spread of the Soviet Union.

Vulgar Latin

A form of Latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents.

Franglais

A combination of French and English

Spanglish

A combination of Spanish and English

Denglish

Combination of German and English

lingua franca

A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages

pidgin language

A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.

Logogram

A symbol that represents a word rather than a sound (English is one in 58 countries)

Language Tree

The relationship among 15 families of languages and how they are related to each other are shown through this model

Lingua Franca Examples

Arabic, English, French, Swahili, Hindi, Indonesian, Russian

dialect

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

Sub dialect

A subdivision of a dialect

How do British and American English differ?

vocabulary, spelling, pronunciation

standard language

The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.

Received Pronunciation

The dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in London and now considered standard in the United Kingdom.

isogloss

A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate.

4 dialect regions in the US

North: 2/3 comes from SE EnglandSouth: 1/2 from SE England, but not well educatedMidland: Quakers from N England, Scotts, Irish, Germans, Dutch, Swedes

Ebonics

American black English regarded as a language in its own right rather than as a dialect of standard English.

Appalachian English

Historically more isolated than many other regional dialects--demonstrates more distinctive features

creole

A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.

Bythonic Celtic

Welsh (policy to preserve it), Cornish (policy to preserve it), Breton (in danger)

Goidelic Celtic

language group with only two languages still surviving which are Irish Gaelic and Scottish Gaelic

Isolated Language

A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family.

Examples of Isolated Languages

Basque, Korean, and Icelandic

extinct language

A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used.

Largest religion in the world

Christianity

Atheism

Belief that there is no god.

Agnoticism

Belief that nothing can be known about whether God exists

Universalizing Religion

- A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.- has known origin and founder- spreads through relocation, hierarchical, and contagious diffusion- Christianity, Buddhism, Islam- seek to convert people

ethnic religion

- A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated.- unknown origin and founder- spreads through relocation diffusion- Judaism, Hinduism, folk religions

congregation

a group of people assembled for religious worship

Denomination

A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body.

branch

A large and fundamental division within a religion

Christian branches

Roman Catholic (50%), Eastern Orthodox (12%), Protestant (33%), Mormons

Islamic Branches

Sunni (88%) and Shiite

Buddhist branches

Mahayana (56%), Theravada (28%), Vajrayana (6%)

Hindu sects

Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Shaktism, Smartism

Confucianism

A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.

taoism

A Chinese philosophy in which people live a simple life in harmony with nature.

Primal Indigenous Religions

Believe in God dwells in all things and everything in nature is spiritual
Found mostly in Southeast Asia and South Pacific

sikhism

Indian religion founded by the guru Nanak (1469-1539) in the Punjab region of northwest India. After the Mughal emperor ordered the beheading of the ninth guru in 1675, warriors from this group mounted armed resistance to Mughal rule.

Juche

North-Korean ideology in which it remains completely independent from other nations

spiritism

the practice of contacting the spirit world

judaism

A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament.

Baha'i

Religion founded by Baha'ullah who declared himself as a prophet of God/"the promised one". Teachings: World peace through unity of all religions, live a simple life, dedication to serving others.

Tenrikyo

the oldest of the existing New Religions in Japan, founded in 1838

jainism

a religion founded in India in the sixth century BC, whose members believe that everything in the universe has a soul and therefore shouldn't be harmed. Mahavira founded this religion.

shintoism

Religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism. Shintoism focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship.

Cao Dai

religious and political movement in Vietnam, 1920s; taught a mixture of Buddhism & Taoism

Zoroastrianism

One of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia.

Christianity

A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.

Islam

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.

BUddhism

Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC. Happiness can be achieved through removal of one's desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering.

ghettos

Sections of towns and cities in which Jews were forced to live.

Utopian settlement

A community built around an ideal way of life, often based on a religion.

Hierarchical religion

A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control.

Autonomous religion

A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally.

Pilgrimage

A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes.

cosmology

study of the universe as a totality; theory of the origin and structure of the universe

Solstice

Time when the Sun is farthest from the equator.

Caste System

a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society

fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

Ethnicity

Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions.

race

Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor.

nationality

Identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there.