Forensic Psychology Test 1

What qualities are screened in during police selection?

Desirable qualities such as honesty, multitasking, and crisis management.

What qualities are screened out during police selection?

Undesirable qualities such as dishonesty, hot-headedness, and certain mental illnesses.

What are the current screening methods for police selection?

Physical fitness tests, cognitive abilities assessments, personality tests, and written communication tests.

What was the first intelligence test used in police selection?

Introduced in 1917.

What is the goal of job analysis in police selection?

To define the Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities (KSA) that make a good police officer.

What does KSA stand for?

Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities.

How is job analysis conducted?

Through survey/interview methods and observational techniques.

What are the two stages of police selection?

Job analysis and construction & validation.

What is the purpose of psychological tests in police selection?

To measure cognitive abilities and identify psychopathological problems.

What is the Reid Model used for?

Common interrogation methods designed to assess deception and obtain confessions.

What are the two categories of techniques in the Reid Model?

Minimization techniques and maximization techniques.

What is a minimization technique in interrogation?

Creating a false sense of security to make the suspect comfortable.

What is a maximization technique in interrogation?

Increasing pressure on the suspect and making up evidence to induce anxiety.

What are the three general stages of the Reid Model?

Gather evidence, conduct a non-accusatorial interview, and conduct an accusatorial interrogation.

What is a false confession?

A confession that is either intentionally fabricated or not based on actual knowledge of the facts.

What are the two types of false confessions?

Voluntary false confessions and coerced false confessions.

What is the Peace Model in police interrogation?

A model that includes planning, engaging, explaining, accounting, closure, and evaluation.

What physiological measures does a polygraph assess?

Respiration, heart rate, and sweating.

What are common verbal cues associated with deception?

Higher voice pitch, increased speech disturbance, and slower speech.

What do liars generally do differently in their storytelling?

Provide fewer details, tell less plausible stories, and appear more nervous.

What is emotional leakage in the context of deception?

The expression of genuine emotion when a person is trying to conceal it.

What is the significance of the meta-analysis by Aamodt & Custer?

It shows that professionals and non-professionals have similar accuracy in lie detection.

What is police discretion?

The ability of police officers to decide when to enforce the law and when to allow for some latitude.

What are the problems associated with police discretion?

Issues like racial profiling and interactions with individuals with mental illness.

What is the use of force continuum?

A guideline that dictates the level of force that can be used by police based on the situation.

What factors contribute to excessive use of force by police?

Young, inexperienced male officers and lack of proper education and training.

What is the goal of police investigations?

To gather details about who was involved, what happened, where and when it occurred, and how and why it happened.

What is malingering?

Intentionally faking psychological or physical symptoms for some type of external gain.

What are some reasons for malingering?

Avoiding punishment, seeking drugs, disability claims, admission to hospital, or avoiding military duties.

What is truth bias in the context of deception detection?

The tendency to believe people right away without looking for signs of deception.

How can training improve deception detection?

Training helps by providing immediate feedback, which can enhance the ability to detect deception.

What is defensiveness in psychological terms?

Conscious denial or minimization of symptoms.

What are stereotypical beliefs in the context of psychological assessment?

Preconceived notions that can influence the perception of individuals and their symptoms.

How can eye-gaze affect perceptions in psychological assessments?

In some cultures, eye-gaze may be seen as rude, which can impact communication and assessment.

What model assumes an underlying mental disorder in malingering?

Pathogenic Model

What characterizes the criminological model of malingering?

It includes antisocial personality disorder (APD) and lack of cooperation with evaluations.

Under what conditions is malingering likely to occur according to the adaptation model?

When there is a perceived adversarial context, high personal stakes, and no viable alternatives.

What is a case study useful for in the context of malingering?

Generating a wide variety of hypotheses.

What is the purpose of a stimulation design in research on malingering?

To understand malingering by comparing participants who malinger a specific disorder to control groups.

What is the known-group design in malingering research?

It involves establishing criterion groups of genuine patients and malingers to analyze similarities and differences.

What symptoms might indicate malingered psychosis?

Reporting rare or absurd symptoms, atypical delusions or hallucinations, and continuous hallucinations.

What structured interview is used to detect malingering?

Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS).

What is the MMPI/MMPI-2 used for?

To detect unusual or atypical symptoms in self-reported personality inventories.

Who was Thomas Sophonow?

A man tried three times for the murder of Barbara Stoppel, with issues related to eyewitness testimony.

What are the three processes involved in memory according to eyewitness testimony?

Encoding, storage, and retrieval.

What is recall memory?

Reporting details of a previously witnessed event or person.

What is recognition memory?

Determining whether a currently viewed item is the same as something previously witnessed.

What are estimator variables?

Factors present at the time of the crime that cannot be changed, like lighting.

What are system variables?

Factors manipulated by researchers to influence eyewitness accuracy, like lineup procedures.

What is the misinformation effect?

When a witness incorporates inaccurate information presented after an event into their recall.

What is the misinformation acceptance hypothesis?

The idea that witnesses tell interviewers what they want to hear, despite having an accurate memory.

What does the source misattribution hypothesis suggest?

Witnesses remember both true and misleading information but cannot identify which is correct.

What is the memory impairment hypothesis?

The original accurate memory is replaced by a false memory, impairing recall.

What is the cognitive interview technique?

A method based on memory retrieval techniques to enhance witness recall.

What is the enhanced cognitive interview?

An improved version of the cognitive interview that includes rapport building and focused retrieval.

Why are cognitive interviews not widely used despite their effectiveness?

They take longer and require specialized training.

What are the two types of independent variables in eyewitness research?

Estimator variables and system variables.

What is the role of memory in eyewitness testimony?

It relies on encoding, storage, and retrieval of information related to the event.

What can lead to memory conformity in eyewitnesses?

Witnesses being influenced by information from other witnesses.