Modern World History - HWCI

Characteristics of gunpowder empires

Islamic dominant religion, land-based, gun-powder based weapons

Battle of Chaldrian

Advance of Shi’a was stopped with the defeat of Safavids by the Sunni Ottomans

Din-i-Ilahi

Akbar tried creating a universal religion

Janissaries

Ottomans’ elite corps of warrior-slaves

Han

China’s dominant ethnic group

Safavid Fall

Eventually in year 1722, the Safavids are overrun by various tribes / Isfahan

Under Akbar, a lot of the rights restricting Hindu is gotten rid of

• Hindus can marry Muslims

• Hindus can hold imperial positions

• Taxes against are banished

• Hindu temples are allowed

Banning Suttee

Banning the idea of women/widows throwing theirselves on their husband’s corpse burning

Mughal Decline

Akbar’s successor stamps out Hinduism and all progressive stuff goes away

Suleiman the Magnificent

Ottomans saw him as a Lawgiver and became most powerful

Ottoman Decline

Developments in usage of gunpowder based weapons, maritime ability, ottomans fall behind

Ming Empire

Recentralized bureaucracy around the confucian exam system

Zhenge He

Powerful enunch that is sent on series of voyages by emperor

Why Zheng He goes on voyages

Unclear, but theorized to be the Ming communicating their wealth and power

Manchu

Chinese minority group

Chinese rejecting European manufactures

China doesn’t need to keep up with European advancements

Opium

British go to war to force Chinese to allow opium into their country

Tokugawa Japan

Daimyos and their families hostages to Tokyo to limit plotting against the shogun

Japanese rulers’ opposition to Christianity

Christians persecuted because they believe people would focus more on the bibles rules than their laws

Closed Country Policy

(Known as sakoku) Laws that are designed to prevent non japanese from entering japan and from japanese to leave

School of National Learning

Replaces Confucianism, unique history, indigenous culture, hyperpatriotism — focus on engaging with other societies and learning as much as possible

Opening of Japan

After large demand for trade, Japan opens up ports to foreign trade and signs a treaty with the US

Eurocentrism and Asian isolation

Japan nations develop largely in isolation from cultural diffusion

Hobbes

Comes from the standpoint that humans are naturally terrible

Locke

Thinks humans aren’t necessarily good, but can be good if given government to follow

Social Contract

You enter into society and society gives you government; giving up certain rights for certain freedoms/protections

Enlightenment

You can create your own knowledge; use human reason to discover how the world works

Scientific Revolution

Idea that we can discover by studying society and government, we can discover how best you order society to create the most human happiness to make life better

Philosophes

Group of influential French intellectuals and writers who championed Enlightenment ideals

Salons

Private social gatherings about Enlightenment ideas

Positives of Enlightenment

Idea that progress is inevitable and growing religious toleration

Negatives of Enlightenment

Doesn’t challenge the gender structure/equality, doesn’t do much about slavery, classification

Absolutism

Type of kingship where king/queen is all authority in a state

Absolutist Rulers

Lous XIV and Frederick the Great

Enlightened Absolutism

Kings in Central Europe that maintain all power to themselves, but also are convinced that the philosophes have good ideas

Enlightened Absolutists

Catherine the Great, Maria Theresa, Joseph II

Glorious Revolution

Parliament invites William of Orange to get rid of catholic heirs to the english throne and come to take the throne — gets consent to what is called the bill of rights

Revolution

Enlightenment sparks ideas of revolution

Thomas Paine

Monarchy is the problem, unnatural constitution, causes wars, doesn’t govern the interest of people

Revolution of France

Debt is what causes French Revolution to happen; idea of equality across the Atlantic inspires a desire for change

Revolution in Sant Domingue

slaves in Haiti inspired by French Revolution, breaks down the line of black vs. white