Unit 1: Chemistry of Life

Matter

anything that takes up space and has a mass

element

the simplest form of a substance that cannot be broken apart and still have properties of that element.

Why cant an element be broken down into father parts?

If it continues to break down it will lose its qualities

what is CHNOPS?

the most common elements in all living forms

CHNOPS is an abbreviation of?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

Atom

the smallest unit of matter that has chemical properties because it consists of all the subatomic parts

what are the three subatomic particles?

protons, neutrons, electrons

Atoms maintain their original properties because

subatomic parts are all present

the number of protons

never changes

the number of neutrons

can change

isotopes

atoms with different numbers of neutrons

Electrons are located in the

electron cloud

number of electrons

can change

Ions

atoms with different numbers of electrons than normal

what is an example of an ion?

Na+ and Cl-

positive sign =

lost

negative sign =

gained

compound

two or more elements bonded together resulting in a new substance with different chemical properties than the elements that comprise it

an example of a compound is

water ( hydrogen & oxygen are two different properties by itself)

chemical bonds?

covalent, ionic, hydrogen

covalent bond

the strongest type of bond

why is covalent bonding the strongest?

because it is shares electrons

results when sharing electron between elements or molecules

covalent bonding

polar molecules carry

unequal charge and have an unequal share of electrons

Non-polar molecules have

equal sharing and no charge

example of a polar molecule

water

Example of non polar molecule

carbon dioxide

all macromolecules are linked by

covalent bonds

ionic bond

created by gaining or losing electrons between elements

hydrogen bonds

formed between two polar covalent molecules that have a partially positive hydrogen attracted to a partially negative substance- usually oxygen

this bond is responsible for many of waters properties

hydrogen bonds

Macromolecules are

polymers made up of monomers

these all contain carbon in a ring or chain form and are classified as

organic molecules

Macromolecules are linked together by?

covalent bonds

dehydration synthesis

losing water to form something

Macromolecules are formed by this reaction

dehydration synthesis

how monomers bonded together?

covalently bonded together

Hydroxyl is removed by?

from one molecule

how is hydrogen removed by?

from another molecule forming water as a byproduct

What requires energy?

dehydration synthesis & hydrolysis

hydrolysis contains

broken macromolecules apart into individual monomers

this requires water to occupy the empty bonds that are left when the macromolecules splits

hydrolysis

hydrolysis is

using water to break a bond

carbohydrates are

sugars ending in -ose

carbohydrates monomers are called

monosaccharides

disaccharides are-

two monosaccharides linked together

polysaccharides are-

many monosaccharides linked together

Starch

energy storage molecule in plants

glycogen

energy storage molecule in animals

cellulose

structural component of plant cell walls

chitin

exoskeleton of some animals and also fungi cell walls

lipids

fats, oils, waxes, and steroids

most lipids are

hydrophobic

two main parts of lipids are

glycerol and fatty acids

triglycerols

fat or oil that are saturated fats; all open bonds have an attached hydrogen

polyunsaturated fats

these have numerous double or triple bonds in the fatty acid portion

trans fats

oils turned solid by adding Hydrogen by breaking the double or triple bonds in order to transform it into a saturated fat

If you see a model of three carbons and a line what main lipid is that

glycerol

polyunsaturated fats are usually from-

plants

why are trans fats worse than triglycerides because?

they are worse because they are being put into the food usually having more than triglycerides

phospholipids

replace single fatty acid with single phosphate ion

why are phosphates attracted to water?

because they carry a negative charge

hydrogenated is also called

trans fats

what are solids in room temperature?

triglycerides

triglycerides are usually associated with

animals

These have various double/triple bonds in the fatty acid portion

polyunsaturated

examples of polysaccharides are?

potatoes, pasta, rice, starch

an example of chitin is?

outside of a shrimp and the back of cicada