Chemistry Review Flashcards

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering key concepts, terminology, and processes in chemistry.

Ionic Bonding

Occurs between metals and non-metals, where electrons are transferred and there is an electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Covalent Bonding

Occurs between non-metals, where electrons are shared in pairs.

Metallic Bonding

Occurs between metals, characterized by a regular arrangement of positive ions surrounded by a sea of delocalized electrons.

High Melting and Boiling Points of Ionic Compounds

Due to strong forces between ions requiring a lot of energy to break.

High Melting and Boiling Points of Giant Covalent Compounds

Due to strong bonds between atoms that require a lot of energy to break.

Low Melting and Boiling Points of Simple Covalent Molecules

Because of weak forces between molecules that don’t require much energy to break.

Electrical Conductivity of Ionic Compounds

Only conduct electricity when molten or in solution because ions are free to move.

Electrical Conductivity of Metallic Substances

Because they have free electrons that can move throughout the structure.

Non-Conductivity of Covalent Compounds

Because there are no free electrons.

Why MgO has a higher melting point than NaCl

Magnesium and oxide ions have greater charges (2+ and 2-) resulting in a stronger attraction.

Hardness of Diamond

Each carbon atom is strongly bonded to four other carbon atoms by covalent bonds.

Softness of Graphite

Each carbon is bonded to three others in layers with weak forces between them allowing layers to slide.

Electrical Conductivity of Graphite

The fourth electron from each carbon atom is free to move throughout the structure.

Uses of Fullerenes

Drug delivery, lubricants, catalysts.

Nanometre

1 billionth of a metre; a nanoparticle consists of 1-100 atoms.

Properties of Nano Particles of Silver

Antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal.

Uses of Nano Particles of Titanium Dioxide

Absorb and reflect UV light; used in sunscreen and self-cleaning windows.

Risks of Nanoscience

Long-term effects are unknown and could easily be absorbed into the body or environment.

Smart Material

Materials that change properties reversibly when their environment changes.

Thermochromic Pigments

Change colour with temperature.

Photochromic Pigments

Change colour with changing light intensity.

Polymer Gels

Absorb water and either swell or release water due to changes in pH or temperature.

Shape Memory Alloys and Polymers

Regain original shape when heated.

Universal Indicator for Strong Acid

Red, indicating a pH of 1-2.

Universal Indicator for Strong Alkali

Purple, indicating a pH of 13-14.

Universal Indicator for Neutral Substance

Green, indicating a pH of 7.

Ions in Acids and Alkalis

Acids contain H+ (Hydrogen ions), while alkalis contain OH- (Hydroxide ions).

Reaction of Acid with Metal

Produces a salt and hydrogen.

Observation when Acid Reacts with Carbonate

Fizzing due to carbon dioxide production.

Ionic Equation for Neutralisation

H+ + OH- → H2O.

Ore

A mineral found in the Earth's crust that contains enough metal to make its extraction worthwhile.

Native State Metals

Gold and Silver are found in the ground in their native state.

Oxidation

Gaining oxygen.

Reduction

Losing oxygen.

Displacement Reaction

A chemical reaction where a more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from its compound.

Raw Materials of the Blast Furnace

Iron ore, coke, limestone, and hot air.

Purpose of Coke in the Blast Furnace

Used as fuel and to produce carbon monoxide for reduction.

Purpose of Limestone in the Blast Furnace

To remove impurities as slag.

Hot Air in the Blast Furnace

Provides oxygen for the coke to burn.

Electrolysis

Splitting up of a compound using electricity.

Oxidation and Reduction in Terms of Electrons

Oxidation is the loss of electrons; Reduction is the gain of electrons.

Positive Ions Reaction at Negative Electrode

They gain electrons (are reduced).

Negative Ions Reaction at Positive Electrode

They lose electrons (are oxidised).

Dissolving Aluminium Ore in Cryolite

Saves energy as it dissolves at a lower temperature than its melting point.

Oxygen Produced during Electrolysis of Aluminium Oxide

Reacts with carbon electrodes producing carbon dioxide.

Properties of Metals

High melting points, malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity.

Location of Transition Metals

Found between groups 2 and 3 on the periodic table.

Unique Properties of Transition Metals

Form more than one type of ion and form coloured compounds.

Colour Solutions for Fe2+, Fe3+, and Cu2+ Ions

Fe2+ - pale green, Fe3+ - brown, Cu2+ - blue.

Alloy

A mixture made by combining molten metals.

Factors Influencing Metal Extraction Plants

Transport links, electricity supply, and distance from towns or cities.

Activation Energy

The minimum amount of energy needed to start a reaction.

Exothermic Reaction

Releases energy to the surroundings, increasing temperature.

Endothermic Reaction

Absorbs energy from the surroundings, decreasing temperature.

Crude Oil

A mixture of hydrocarbons.

Hydrocarbon

A compound made of hydrogen and carbon only.

Separation of Crude Oil

Fractional distillation: vaporised, then condensed at different points in a column.

Effect of Carbon Chain Length on Viscosity and Colour

Longer chains make compounds more viscous and darker.

Effect of Carbon Chain Length on Boiling Point

Longer chains result in higher boiling points due to stronger intermolecular forces.

Effect of Carbon Chain Length on Ignition

Shorter chain lengths are easier to ignite.

Combustion of Fuels

Burning in oxygen producing carbon dioxide and water.

Advantages of Hydrogen as Fuel

Water is the only product of combustion and it is renewable.

Disadvantages of Hydrogen as Fuel

Requires a lot of energy to produce and needs bulky, heavy pressurized containers for storage.

Fire Triangle Components

Fuel, oxygen, and heat.

Cracking

Heating hydrocarbons at high temperatures with a catalyst to break them down into smaller molecules.

General Formula for an Alkene

CnH2n.

Preparing Crystals of Salt from Acid and Insoluble Base

Add excess base to use up all acid, filter to remove excess base, and evaporate water to form crystals.

First Five Alkanes

Methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane.

Testing for Alkenes

Add bromine water; it will change from orange-brown to colourless.

Monomer

A small reactive molecule that can be joined together to make a polymer.

Uses of Polythene and Poly(propene)

Polythene for bags and plastic bottles; poly(propene) for ropes and crates.

Uses of PVC and PTFE

PVC for drain pipes and window frames; PTFE for non-stick pans.

Environmental Issues with Plastics

Take up space in landfills, do not bio-degrade, and are made from non-renewable resources.