Science Final

Know the era and order of the following events

Formation of the Earth,Formation of the moon,Oldest rock,Great oxygenation event,Pangea exists,Oldest evidence of life, first member of our genus appears

Eras

Cenozoic,Mesozoic,Paleozoic,Precambrian

types of boundaries

convergent( come together) , transform( move side by side) , divergent ( move away)

subduction zone

The most powerful earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and landslides occur in subduction zones where tectonic plates collide and one plate is thrust beneath another.

rift valley

a lowland region that forms where Earth's tectonic plates move apart, or rift. Rift valleys are found both on land and at the bottom of the ocean, where they are created by the process of seafloor spreading.

ocean ridge

A mid-ocean ridge is a seafloor mountain system formed by plate tectonics

oceanic trench

Oceanic trenches are prominent, long, narrow topographic depressions of the ocean floor. They are typically 50 to 100 kilometers wide and 3 to 4 km below the level of the surrounding oceanic floor, but can be thousands of kilometers in length.

fault line

A fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. 

when and how was the Earth formed? what were the conditions of the early earth?

4\.5 billion years ago, Earth formed when gravity pulled swirling gas and dust in to become the third planet from the Sun. Like its fellow terrestrial planets, Earth has a central core, a rocky mantle, and a solid crust. Earth was covered in hot magma and volcanic eruptions. had no stable atmosphere.

when and how was the moon formed:? what impact does it have on the earth?

Billions of years ago, a version of our Earth that looks very different than the one we live on today was hit by an object about the size of Mars, called Theia – and out of that collision, the Moon was formed. the earth was 500 million years old. the Moon makes Earth a more livable planet by moderating our home planet's wobble on its axis, leading to a relatively stable climate. It also causes tides, creating a rhythm that has guided humans for thousands of years.

how did water come to be on earth?

interactions between the hydrogen-rich atmospheres and magma oceans of the planetary embryos that comprised Earth's formative years

earth’s axil tilt

Earth's axial tilt is about 23.5 degrees. Due to this axial tilt, the sun shines on different latitudes at different angles throughout the year. This causes the seasons. Uranus has the largest axial tilt in the solar system.

volcanic outgassing

The release of gases during volcanic eruptions 

cm^3 to mL

cm^3 for the volume of a solid object measured with a caliper or ruler. mL for volume of something using water displacement

Density

density=m/v. degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume.

Matter

a substance or material

Mass

the quantity of matter which a body contains, as measured by its acceleration under a given force or by the force exerted on it by a gravitational field.

Volume

the amount of space that a substance or object occupies, or that is enclosed within a container, especially when great.

Meniscus

the curved upper surface of a liquid in a tube.

buoyancy

the ability or tendency to float in water or air or some other fluid.

APA format and in-text citations

• All text should be double-spaced

• Use one-inch margins on all sides

• All paragraphs in the body are indented

• Make sure that the title is centered on the page with your name and school/institution underneath

• Use 12-point font throughout

• All pages should be numbered in the upper right-hand corner

• The manual recommends using one space after most punctuation marks

• A shortened version of the title (“running head”) should be placed in the upper left-hand corner

parts of an atom

protons and neutrons in the nucleus. electrons orbit in shells. two electrons fit in the first shell, 8 in the second and third

metal vs. nonmetal vs. metalloid

A metal is a type of element that is typically shiny, malleable, and conducts electricity. Nonmetals are the opposite, being dull, brittle, and non-conductive. Metalloids are elements that have properties of both metals and nonmetals.

how does land ice contribute to sea level rise?

When glaciers and icebergs melt, this adds additional water into the ocean. When sea ice melts, no additional water is added. when water heats up it expands which is called thermal expansion. one of the leading causes of rising sea levels

high heat capacity

water can regulate its temperature well and holds heat

cohesion

when water sticks to itself

surface tension

The cohesive force that holds the molecules of a liquid together at its surface, causing it to form a thin layer and resist external forces. Example: The ability of insects to walk on water is due to the surface tension of water.

adhesion

when water sticks to other surfaces

solvent

A substance that dissolves other substances to form a solution. It has a higher concentration and is capable of dissolving a solute. Examples include water, alcohol, and acetone.

ionic bond

A type of chemical bond formed between a metal and a nonmetal through the transfer of electrons. The metal atom loses one or more electrons to the non-metal atom, resulting in positively and negatively charged ions that attract each other.

covalent bond

Type of bond that forms between atoms when they share one or more pairs of electrons. It is a strong bond that typically occurs between nonmetal atoms.

isomer

same molecular formula but a different physical structure

polar covalent bond

A type of chemical bond where electrons are shared unequally between two atoms, causing a partial positive charge on one end and a partial negative charge on the other.

four layers of the atmosphere

Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere

climate vs. weather

Climate refers to long-term patterns in temperature, precipitation, and other atmospheric conditions in a particular region. Weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions, such as temperature, humidity, wind, and precipitation, that vary daily or hourly.

climate change vs. global warming

Climate change= Umbrella term. Global warming= more specific to one issue. The difference between climate change and global warming is that global warming refers to the long-term increase in Earth's temperature, while climate change encompasses the broader range of changes that result from that warming, including sea level rise, extreme weather events, and shifts in ecosystems.

greenhouse effect

The Earth is warming due to gases in the atmosphere that trap heat. Human activities have increased these gases, causing negative impacts on the environment and human health. To address this issue, we must reduce greenhouse gas emissions by transitioning to cleaner energy sources, improving energy efficiency, reducing deforestation, and making lifestyle changes.

greenhouse gas

compound molecule ( made of more than one type of element), CH4,CO2, CO, H20, gasses that trap heat in the atmosphere

carbon footprint

The total amount of greenhouse gases emitted by an individual, organization, or product, measured in CO2 equivalents.

carbon sources

put CO2 into the atmosphere.-burning fossil fuels for vehicles, gas, propane, coal, diesel, cows, decaying matter, cellular respiration from living animals

carbon sinks

absorb more carbon than they release. -Plants, plankton,algae, fish, Direct Air Capture, Ocean

metric scale

Terry’s grandma Martha kicks hectors dirty balloons. Dorthy counts Martha’s micro needles. TERA GIGA MEGA KILO hecto deca BASE. deci centi MILLI MICRO NANO

LEED

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design