Ecological and Sociocultural

Ecological model

Ecological model

Posits that an individual’s development is influenced by a series of interconnected environment systems. 

Bronfenbreneer

Proponent of Ecological model

Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, and Chronosystem

Layers of ecological model

Microsystem

The most immediate and direct influence on the individual. It includes family, school, and peers. The interactions within this system can significantly impact a person’s personality.

Mesosystem

Involves the interconnections between the microsystems. For instance, the relationship between parents and teachers can impact a child’s attitude towards school and learning.

Exosystem

 Includes environments that indirectly influence the individual, such as parents’ workplace or community health service.

Macrosystem

Encompasses the larger societal context such as cultural values, economic conditions, and political systems. These broader influences can shape an individual’s beliefs and attitudes.

Chronosystem

Involves the dimension of time, reflecting the impact of life transitions and environmental events on personality development.

Sociocultural theory

This theory posits that human development is a socially mediated process in which individuals acquire cultural values, beliefs, and problem-solving strategies through collaborative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society.

Inner Speech

Used for mental reasoning

External speech

Used to converse with other

Zone of Proximal Development

The distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem-solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem-solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers.

Scaffolding

Describes ongoing support provided to a learner by an expert in a process of learning and completing a task they cannot complete without assistance.