hap 5 history

Sail to Steam

• HMS Medea (1833) and HMS Gladiator (1844) First steamships however conservative sea lords suspicious of steam power and unreliable in powering sea vessels

• lord Admiral Melville: fatal blow to naval supremacy of empire

• paddle: no longer reliant on wind, resistant to getting rid of cells in case engine breaks down graham ordered 10 more however expense too much

• HMS Agamemnon: first with full sail rigging in 1852 due to lack of reliability

• HMS devastation: first without rigging, demonstrating conservative attitudes and this was not until late 19th century

• no more rigging: armaments mounted on top of hull not

• inside didn't carry sails

• HMS Dreadnaught: first capital ship powered by steam turbines in 1906

• Fisher reforms in shared innovation increased efficiency with supplies

Wood to Iron

• HMS Gladiator and Medea Had small engines due to ships being wooden - Not much fuel.

• Redoubtable (1876): first French battleship with Still Hull and steam engines and screw propellers added to frigates

• Guns increasing power and weight meant that high explosive shells ripped wooden ships

• HMS Warrior (1860): World's first fully ironclad ship built shortly before Armstrong's artillery with fewer cannons to rotate as as opposed to broadside

• HMS Inflexible (1876) was iron-clad

• HMS Dreadnought with eleven inch thick steel plating and twenty nine by 1914

• Submarines ineffective against them

Weaponry

• Concrete rockets: 2000 fired up Boulogne Port in 1806 with a clear fear factor. Also effective at Fort mchenry although largely inaccurate

• carronades: Very effective at short range, Use the Trafalgar to sweep soldiers off deck. Liability in 1812 US war. To load and broad angle of fire due to short cannons and barrel. Only used on frigates

• armstrong artillery: HMS Warrior built shortly before. Adopted a 12 pound breech loader, Adopted in 1849 and main armament designed for naval destroyers in World War one and two

• Torpedoes: used on submarines. 200 to 700 yards and designed for naval destroyers to explode all the vessels. After 1895 gyroscope used for direction and control

• Submarines: seen as ensuring naval supremacy. Fisher believed it would render battleships obsolete and commenced building programme of battle cruises. Resistance from Admiralty and considered entitlement german. Embraced with U boats attacking Lusitania unrestricted warfare and havoc in atlantic. Effective against small ships with 137 by 1918.

Haldane reforms 1908

• Following Elgin report and unionist collapsed, Haldane carried out Escher report

• territorial army [1908]: territorial and reserve forces act, 236,400 by September 1914.

• Volunteers militia and Yeomanry to strengthen British Expeditionary Force

• british Expeditionary Force of 250,000 men, three army corps

• army Council to make policy to maintain control in parliament

• officer training corps: encapsulated cadet cops with 20,000 enrolled

• budget: £28 million, solved issues of organisation via the Elgin Commission

• emphasised training of modern warfare tactics. Drill box and rifles. Technologies enabled and foundation for military organisation

Cardwell reforms

• Rising and purchase system responsible for battlefield failures, advancing weaponry

• royal warrant 1871: eventually phase out purchase system loss of commissions increasingly recruiting via meritocracy entirely

• discipline: flogging abolished in peacetime in 1868 and branding it entirely in 1871

• supplies no longer amateur, GB Army never lived off land for example in peninsula they were sort of emboldened tramps in uniforms

• consults with dominions: self government looking for us and GB provides troops turn on 26,000 troops relieved from Canada New Zealand and Australia who had to now sort their own troops out

• army enlistment act 1870: changed how long you could be stationed abroad: six years from 12

• 21 years and continued training meant you could get a pension bouncing

• bounty money abolished in 1870 meaning paying officers to recruit Meaning office is better quality recruitment remained difficult and purchased system continued, conditions improving discipline different

• two million from Treasury to expand military

• twenty thousand new soldiers in Britain and twenty thousand from Dominions

Duke of York reforms

• Unappealing due to serving an empire and flogging as well as poor pay and mostly criminals avoiding prison due to voluntarism

• harsh discipline

• Leader of Expeditionary Force in in disastrous Flanders campaign

• restricted purchase system and carried and created light infantry but weak due to avoiding shock waves two years as officer to captain and 6 to become major due to Raglan and Luke and being weak aristocratic leaders in Crimea

• school for orphaned kids in Chelsea and training college that later became Sandhurst

• key role in constructing Martello Towers to protect British coast

• increased soldiers pay and improved medical provision as well as decreased flogging

• reactionary yet limited in scope

Palmerston -1855

• New War office control supplies with Board of Ordinance abolished in May 1855

• army medical department created, Army Clothing Department also to provide coats

• Launch Transport Corps to regulate traditional locals hiring civilian waggons for supplies educational requirements to improve military knowledge

• Aberdeen: War and colonial office divided, separate office is as Secretary of State for war became cabinet position

Armstrong artillery

• Biggest current First World War breach loading Camannon sealed by mechanical door: Turrett Mounted with near 360 degree fire effect

• new shells to improve efficiency: coated in lead shell gripped inside combat more spin, lead expands and travels further as gripped by barrel just from behind

• engineers and maintenance required

• improved accuracy and distance, less men and less gunpowder: supplied from 1858

Machine guns and rifles

• Lee Enfield rifle: 3 million mass produced during World War One

• caronades: flintlock firing mechanism wide a muzzle to give broad angle of fire, deadly at close range due to grape shot, quick to load

• liability in 1812 as only effective at short range

• machine guns: trench warfare necessary, charging requires concealment rendering cavalry obsolete due to creeping barrage defending trenches, shooting down German planes such as within the attack on the 24th

• Vicar's machine gun 1912: points 303 round, fire Max range of 4 1/2 thousand metres, recoil operated unlocking mechanism, charging handle means bullets ejected quickly

• high degree of accuracy, in operation until the nineteen sixties

• reliable with a constant rate of fire

Mechanisation

• Tanks: effective in in crossing trenches in no man's lot and crushed barbed wire. Failed to Break through enemy lines, unreliable mechanically very loud, one mile per hour on damaged ground

• somme: destroyed German strongholds however psychologically dangerous

• mark one not bulletproof canon machine guns females mowed down infantry, armoured plates, more likely to get stuck in the mud

• colonel STN: in service from 1917, not designed to cover for engine repairs, armoured fighting vehicle, anti-tank gun in service

• aircraft: new battlefield created, 50 mile 55 mile per hour as a max royal fighting corps, 90% used for rook reconnaissance missions - such as at the Battle of Marne

• Cavalry: Technological change meant they were a liability and rendered powerless by World War one as they were vulnerable to infantry weapons