people of the uk

state 2 non-EU countries that the UK trades with the most

• China

• United States

state which EU country the UK trades the most with

Germany

state what the UK trade balance is with France

-£6.2 billion

state how UK imports from Norway have changed since 2014

decreased

state what % of UK exports are in services

80%

state what % of UK exports are physical goods

20%

describe the UK’s trade relationship with Germany

• large trade deficit

• import a lot more than we export

• still one of the UK’s main trading partners

• import the most good from this country

  • due to its close proximity geographically, causing imported goods to be cheaper

describe the UK’s trade relationship with the United States

• UK earns the most through trade with the US

• UK and US have a ‘special relationship’

  • caused by both countries sharing similar political views, lifestyles and language

• UK trade with the US is varied and includes lots of services

describe the UK’s trade relationship with Japan

• despite Japan’s large manufacturing based and integral role in global finances, the UK doesn’t trade with them much

• Japan is not close to the UK physically or politically

• Japan has established strong trade links with countries in closer proximity

describe the UK’s trade relationship with China

• even though China is not in the EU, it has one of the largest economies on the planet

• China has the largest manufacturing economy globally

• the UK imports lots of relatively cheap goods from China

state total UK imports, 2016

£600 billion

state total UK exports, 2016

£550 billion

state UK trade balance, 2016

-£50 billion

describe the primary sector

procuring raw material from the natural environment

describe the secondary sector

conversion of raw materials into something more valuable either by addition of parts and/or time

describe the tertiary sector

providing service

describe the quaternary sector

providing information services, consultancy and research

describe the % change in people employed in the tertiary sector in the UK, 1986-2016

70% (1986) → 83% (2016)

state what the average wage per hour is in the UK

£12

describe why people on lower incomes are struggling financially in the UK

• food, bills and petrol prices have increased

• whilst wages remain frozen

describe what the overall impact of economic inequality is on the UK’s economy

• less disposable income means less money spent overall

• resulted in a weakened economy

state what a Gini Coefficient of 1 means

• reflects a greater uneven spread of household income

• causing perfect inequality

state what a Gini Coefficient of 0 means

• more even spread of household income

• reflects perfect equality

describe the UK’s economy in the past

• UK economy was based on activities that took place within the country and Commonwealth countries

• the growth of globalisation meant the UK economy is now more dependent on other countries

describe deindustrialisation in the UK

• UK has experienced deindustrialisation

• as there has been a decrease in the amount of manufacturing taking place within the country

• and a growth in the tertiary and quaternary sectors

• traditional industries, such as ship buildings and textiles, have declined

explain why traditional industries have decreased in the UK

• global shift in manufacturing to new emerging economies (NEEs) where wages are lower, working hours are longer and trade unions are sometimes banned

• increase in mechanisation

describe what the ‘poverty trap’ is

• when some born into poverty is not able to escape due to the circumstances of their lives

• and the fact that they may not receive the same resources or opportunities that others more privileged might

state what Free School Meals are (FSMs)

• measure of pupil deprivation

• subsidy given to schools for pupils from deprived backgrounds

• to help provide them with free school lunches and other resources to support their education

state which regions have the highest educational attainment in the UK

• London

• East

• South East

state which regions have the lowest educational attainment in the UK

• North East

• North West

• Yorkshire and Humber

state factors that increase life expectancy

• access to proper healthcare

• access to shelter and food

• eating a balanced diet

• access to a stable income

• good education

• living in affluent areas

• good hygiene

• good childhood

• not smoking or drinking alcohol

state factors that decrease life expectancy

• lack of proper education

• living in poverty/homeless (-25 years)

• lack of proper healthcare

• lack of access to food and shelter

• unstable income

• moderate drinking or smoking

• bad childhood

• poor sanitation

state what the average gap in life expectancy is between the most and least deprived areas in England

• 9.3 years for males

• 7.3 years for females

describe how transport infrastructure projects help to develop parts of the UK

• allow people to travel within the country whilst inviting more global migrants and tourists - attracts more funding and resources

• provides rapid transport within nation - increases accessibility

state how much the Department of Transport spend per person in the North under a Conservative government

£280

state how much the Department of Transport spend per person in London under a Conservative government

£1,870

state what Crossrail was

project to build the new Tube line named after the Queen

state the total expenditure on the Crossrail

• £4.6 billion

• 2016-2021

state how much the Department of Transport spend per person in the north-east under a Conservative government

£300

state how much the Department of Transport spend per person in the north west under a Conservative government

£290

state how much the Department of Transport spend per person in Yorkshire and Humber under a Conservative government

£250

state the positive of HS2

• commuter - travelling to London for leisure and work is faster, people can be more productive

• government - development of Northern Powerhouse, improves connectivity, eases congestion on roads, aids zero carbon emissions goals set for 2050

• business owner (London) - more people feel inclined to commute to London and spend more money in the city

state the negative of HS2

• homeowner - already have transport infrastructure, rail system will take up space

• tax payer - waste of money on pre-existing infrastructure during a cost of living crisis

• commuter - tickets are expensive, HS2 doesn’t benefit the lower class commuters

• environmentalist - deforestation will have to occur during construction, disrupts natural environments

• business owner (Birmingham) - people will be leaving Birmingham during peak spending and working hours - means less money is spent overall in Birmingham

evaluate the HS2 project

• POSITIVE

  • said to increase productivity and speed of transport

• NEGATIVE

  • causes extinction, deforestation, destruction of natural habitats as it cuts straight across the country

  • focus on south/south east and not on the north/north west - increases inequalities nationally

  • people from Birmingham might start commuting to London more and taking jobs in London whilst benefitting from lower house prices in Birmingham

  • government funded using tax payer money

state physical characteristics that can affect development of parts of the UK

• relief

• distance from the EU

state what the north-south divide is

• difference in average household wealth

• between the north and the south of the UK

state which region in the UK is the wealthiest

south-east

state what HS1 is

• high speed rail system in the UK

• that connects London to Europe

• via the Channel Tunnel

state what HS2 is

• high speed rail system in the UK

• planned to connect London with Birmingham and other cities in northern England

• it’s supposed to encourage economic growth away from London

• to even out the UK’s north-south inequalities

state the cost of HS2

• 2015 - predicted to cost £56 billion

• 2021 - predicted to cost £100 billion

state where the 2 most consistently overcrowded are in the UK

Manchester

state what the Northern Powerhouse Rail is

scheme to create better links between northern cities

describe the benefits HS2 will bring in if it runs the complete route

brings in £2.30 for every pound invested

describe the benefits of the Northern Powerhouse

£2.70 for every pound spent

describe stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

• birth rate - high

• death rate - high

• natural increase - stable or slow increase

describe reasons for changes in birth rates in stage 1 of the DTM

• many children needed for farming

• high infant mortality rate

• religious/social encouragement

• lack of access to contraception and family planning

describe reasons for changes in death rates in stage 1 of the DTM

• disease

• famine

• poor medical knowledge

• high infant mortality rate

describe stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

• birth rate - high

• death rate - falling rapidly

• natural increase - very rapid increase

describe reasons for changes in birth rate in stage 2 of the DTM

• many children needed for farming

• high infant mortality rate

• religious/social encouragement

• lack of access to contraception and family planning

describe reasons for changes in death rate in stage 2 of the DTM

• improvements in medical care

• improvements in water supply and sanitation

• decreasing infant mortality rate

describe stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

• birth rate - decreasing

• death rate - decreasing, more slowly

• natural increase - increasing, more slowly

describe reasons for changes in birth rate in stage 3 of the DTM

• improved medical care and diet

• less need for children

describe reasons for changes in death rate in stage 3 of the DTM

• improvements in medical care

• improvements in water supply and sanitation

• decreasing infant mortality rate

describe stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

• birth rate - low

• death rate - low

• natural increase - stable/slow increase

describe reasons for changes in birth rate in stage 4 of the DTM

• family planning

• good health

• improving status of women

• marriages occurring later on

describe reasons for changes in death rate in stage 4 of the DTM

• good health care

• reliable food supply

describe stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

• birth rate - very low

• death rate - low

• natural increase - slow decrease

describe reasons for changes in birth rate in stage 5 of the DTM

• family planning

• good health

• improving status of women

• marriages occurring later on

describe reasons for changes in death rate in stage 5 of the DTM

• good health care

• reliable food supply

state the population pyramid of stage 1 of the DTM

state the population pyramid of stage 2 of the DTM

state the population pyramid of stage 3 of the DTM

state the population pyramid of stage 4 of the DTM

state the population pyramid of stage 5 of the DTM

describe age structure of the UK’s population - 1983

• 65+ - 15%

• 16-64 - 64%

• under 16 - 21%

describe age structure of the UK’s population - 2033

• 65+ - 23%

• 16-64 - 60%

• under 16 - 17%

state the causes of the UK’s ageing population

• decreasing birth rate

• increasing longevity

describe why the UK’s birth rate is decreasing

• more access to contraception - more affordable contraception available

• more knowledge and education about sex and contraception

• more women focusing on careers and/or choosing not to have children/have less children

describe why the UK’s life expectancy is increasing

• better sanitation and hygiene

• more access to affordable healthcare

• easier to live a healthier lifestyle

state ageing population definition

• increasing median age

• of a population

• which happens as a result of

• falling birth rate and increasing life expectancy

describe the effects of the UK’s ageing population

• healthcare costs are very high and will increase as the elderly require support services and expensive treatments

• shortages of places in care homes, many of which are expensive

• many older people are looked after by their middle-aged children, often affecting their lives and their ability to remain in full-time employment

• older people are valued employees as they have high standards and are reliable

• older people act as volunteers in charitable organisations

• many older people are keen to travel and take part in leisure activities - helps to boost the economy and provide jobs

describe the responses to the UK’s ageing population

• government-issued pensioner bonds in 2015 to encourage older people to save money for the future

• pensioners receive support in the form of care, reduced transport costs and heating allowances - this is expensive for the government and may be withdrawn from healthy pensioners in the future

• retirement age which used to be 65 is being phased out to encourage people to continue to work

  • state pension age is gradually being increased to 67

• the government could encourage people to take out private health insurance to cut NHS costs

• pronatalist policies to encourage an increase in birth rate to balance out population structures

• allowing more migration would address the need for a larger young workforce and high birth rate

state pension definition

regular payment made by the state to people of or above the official retirement age

describe the social advantages of migration for the UK

• can lead to a wide variety of social activities, religious groups and restaurants available to residents

• Russell Group unis suggest that foreign students contribute £2.5 billion in fees annually to finance higher education for domestic students

describe the economic advantages of migration for the UK

• more people working in the UK means more people are spending money - leads to an increasing economy

• migrants are more likely to be working age which can have a positive effect on the dependency ratio - counterbalances the UK’s aging population

• migration can add flexibility within the workforce with jobs in shortage areas (such as farming, building and medical)

describe the social disadvantages of migration for the UK

• UK is facing a housing shortage which is exasperated by increasing population due to migration

• attitudes towards migrant communities can be negative and are sometimes reinforced by local media - results in groups forming extremely negative views on migration

• migrants are often working age men which can lead to a gender imbalance in some areas where jobs from migrants are readily available

describe the economic disadvantages of migration for the UK

• cost of translation of key services (police, councils, NHS) for UK residents who do not speak English fluently is more than £100 million a year

• cost of treating migrants on the NHS led to the imposition of a surcharge of £200 per year for health services to combat increased demand

• tensions between different ethnic/religious groups can lead to violence and increase the cost of policing

state gentrification definition

the improvement of housing in a previously run-down area

state deprivation definition

a low quality of life and a lack of opportunities to improve it

state brownfield definition

sites to build on that have previously been built on

state greenfield definition

sites to build on that have never been built on before

state suburbanisation definition

• movement of people

• out of inner city areas

• into the suburbs

state counter-urbanisation definition

• movement of people

• out of urban and suburban areas

• to rural areas

state re-urbanisation definition

• movement of people

• from suburbs and rural areas

• back into inner city areas

state the push factors in suburbanisation

• unaffordable housing

• lots of congestion and air pollution

• unemployment due to high demand for jobs

state the pull factors in suburbanisation

• affordable housing

• less congestion and air pollution

• more job availability

describe the social consequences of suburbanisation

• suburbs become dormitory places during the weekdays

• as people will still be commuting back into more urban areas

• with most of their down-time spent in sub-urban areas

describe the economic consequences of suburbanisation

• skilled people and businesses may leave urban areas

• in favour of more affordable housing and living in suburbs

• causing economic instability in urban areas

describe the environmental consequences of suburbanisation

• more greenfield land will be built on in sub-urban areas

• to meet increased demand for housing

state the push factors for re-urbanisation

• need to commute long distances for jobs in urban areas

• less accessibility to healthcare

• less access to childcare and leisure activities

• potentially worse living conditions