ENDOCRINE - Overview & Assessment

1. chemical communication

2. coordination system

3. reproduction

4. growth and development

5. regulation of energy

Structure and function of the endocrine system

An integrated (1) and (2) that enables (3), (4), (5)

Together with the nervous system, it maintains homeostasis and coordinates responses to both environmental changes and stress

Principal function of the endocrine system

maintains homeostasis and coordinates responses

Complete the sentence

Together with the nervous system, it (1) to both environmental changes and stress

Glands and glandular tissues

Endocrine system is composed of (1)

S - synthesize

S - store

s - release

CHEMICAL MESSENGERS known as hormones

The endocrine system is composed of glands and glandular tissues that perform the 3S.

The 3S refer to

They are chemical messengers that affect specific target organs and travel to the body tissues through the bloodstream

What are hormones? (General def)

A chemical substance synthesized and secreted by a specific organ or tissue carried by the blood to the other sites of the body where they exert their action

They are messengers to specific cells and organs

Do stimulating and inhibiting process

Hormones - Characteristics (WHAT IS A HORMONE)

Stimulating and inhibiting process

What kind of process do hormones do?

1. Local

2. General

Major categories of hormones (WHERE DO HORMONES COME FROM)

Local - specific effect in the area of secretion

General - distant sites for specific action

Differentiate local and general hormones

Local

Hormones with specific effect in the area of secretion

Cholecystokinin (CKK) - gall bladder

Pancreozynin (PZI) - pancreas

Samples of local hormones

General

Transported in the blood to distant sites where they exert their action/effect

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Draw the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary hormones etc etc

1. Growth hormone (GH)

2. Prolactin (PRL)

3. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

4. Luteinizing hormone (LH)

5. Thyrotropic hormone (TSH)

6. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland

Growth hormone

Bones and muscles

Prolactin (PRL)

Mammary glands

FSH & LH

Testes or ovaries

ACTH

Adrenal cortex

1. Amine

2. Peptides

3. Steroids

Structure (WHAT IS A HORMONE MADE OF?)

Amino acids

Amines were derived from

They bind to receptors in the cell nucleus

Where do amines bind to?

Fight or flight hormones

Amines are also known as

Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

Example of an amine

Large in size

Lipid insoluble

Unable to penetrate cell membrane & bind to receptors

Activate intracellular process that ultimately affects the activity of the genes

Describe peptides

Secreted by adrenal cortex and gonads

Synthesized from cholesterol

Lipid soluble, able to diffuse into cells and bind to specific receptors in the nucleus

Describe steroids

Adrenal cortex and glands

Steroids secreted by

Cholesterol

Steroids synthesized

1. Simple feedback

2. Complex feedback

3. Physiologic rhythm/diurnal rhythm/circadian rhythm

4 Chemical feedback mechanism

Regulation of hormones secretion (WHAT/WHO CONTROLS)

Basically (+)/(-) feedback

Simple feedback explain

Hormonal control of ionic calcium

Sample of simple feedback

Involves 2 or more organs to regulate homeostasis

Explain complex feedback mechanism

Homeostasis of blood glucose

Sample of complex feedback mechanism

Some endocrine glands are directly affected by the activity of the nervous system

Chemical feedback mechanism explaint

Environmental changes/stressors

Cause of chemical feedback mechanism

SNS activity symptoms:

Manifestation of chemical feedback mechanism

Tremors

Heavy sweating

Stomach upset

Frequency of urination

Increased v/s

SNS activity include

Hormone level fluctuates predictably within an 24 hour period

Explain physiologic rhythm

Cortisol

Rises in the morning causing wake, declines in the evening causing sleep

Growth hormone

Has a peak secretion during sleep up to 15 y/o

1. Change in personal appearance, hair, nails, skin, texture & pigmentation

2. Change in 3S - size, shape, symmetry of face, neck, eyes, and tongue

3. Change in energy level

4. Temperature intolerance

5. Abnormal secondary sex characteristics (ex. Facial hair in woman, changes in amount and distribution of axillary, pubic hair)

HEALTH HISTORY (FIRST 5) INCLUDES

6. Changes in emotional state, thought pattern, intellectual functioning

7. Signs of increased SNS activity symptoms

8. Changes in bowel habits, appetite, weight, hunger or thirst

9. Changes in urinary pattern, frequency, and amount of urine

10. Changes in sleep pattern/disturbances

HEALTH HISTORY (LAST 5)

Background information including:

1. Stresses of all kind

2. Place of employment

3. Kind of work

4. Marital status

5. Usual coping patterns

6. Lifestyle (alcoholic, gambling, smoking, multiple sexual partners)

Social and Personal History

1. Hereditary and constitutional factors

2. Growth and development pattern

Family History

I. PHYSICAL DATA

1.Mental-emotional status

2. Inspection

3. Palpation

II. VITAL SIGNS

III. SERIAL MONITORING - weight, height, appearance

Objective data include

Blood hormone test

Laboratory tests include