Speech Science

science is …

empirical, deterministic, predictive, and parsimonious

What does it mean that science is empirical?

it is based on data

What does it mean that science is deterministic?

it obeys physical laws

What does it mean that science is predictive

if you do ____ than ___ will happen

What does it mean that science is parsimonious

follows the simplest explanation possible

How many semitones are there from 100 Hz to 800 Hz?

how many semitones are there in an octave?

12

How may octaves are between 100 Hz and 800 Hz

3

what are the axis representative of in waveform

x - time

y - amplitude/intensity

what are the axis representative of in the spectrogram?

x - time

y - frequency

z - amplitude (darkness)

shimmer and jitter are both forms of ____

perturbation

perturbation

cycle-to-cycle differences in frequency and intensity

jitter

frequency perturbation

shimmer

intensity perturbation

modulation

regular periodic variation (vibrato)

what would high modulation and perturbation sound like?

shaky and hoarse

what would low modulation and high perturbation sound like?

steady and hoarse

what would high modulation and low perturbation sound like?

shaky but not hoarse

modulation

shakiness in voice

perturbation

hoarseness in voice

what does a high STSD reflect

expressive voice

Ohm’s Law

airflow = pressure/resistance

if pressure increases, or resistance decreases, then airflow ____

increases

if pressure decreases, or resistance increases, then airflow ___

decreases

a higher tongue placement means

lower F1

A lower tongue placement means

higher F1

a frontal tongue means a

higher F2

a back tongue means a

lower F2

acoustic nasometry

two microphones with a divider plate between them. Track the airflow from nose and mouth

palatometer

has contact electrodes. Measures contact and displays patterns of contacts. Useful in articulation problems. Provides biofeedback during therapy. Like a retainer.

ultrasound

put under chin to provide visual feedback of tongue. Lingual consonants are the main focus. Allows children to use different shapes.

identification

one stimulus at a time: open-response set or forced choice (no right or wrong answers, just response patterns) think of between ‘t’ or ‘d’

discrimination

two stimuli: are they the same or different. Correct or incorrect.

perceptual assimilation

when we take an unfamiliar foreign sound and assign it into one of our own categories. Some sounds however are non-assimilable (like clicks for English)

if you want to accurately record something just above 22k Hz, what sampling rate is most appropriate and efficient?

50 k Hz

if you digitally sample at 6,000 Hz, what frequencies will be aliased?

any above 3,000 Hz.

vocal tract transfer function involves input from the _____, output from the _____

larynx, lips

emotional tone is better recognized by ____

English polyglots

articulographs

measure electromagnetic signals movements from transmitter. Records their 3D position.

motor theories of speech production

viewer observes speech and mirrors articulation subconsciously.

hypothesis

tentative prediction on a scientific topic that is testable

theory

broad conceptual explanation based on many observations

model

a simulation used to explain or test

open-loop feedback

Predictive, based on experience

closed-loop feedback

ongoing, leads to corrective adjustments (driving along twisty roads)

NSOMES

DO NOT USE FOR SPEECH. Not effective treatments. Non-speech oral motor exercises.

static perturbation

artificial palate or bite block. shows rapid compensation.

dynamic perturbation

disturb an articulator. Sensory feedback contributes to corrections