APUSH Period 6

U.S. v. E. C. Knight Co. 1895

• Court ruled that E. C. Knight, controlling 98% of the sugar refining plants, did not violate the Sherman Antitrust Act.

Gospel of Wealth

• idea that wealth should be used for the betterment of society and not just for personal gain, advocated by Andrew Carnegie

Knights of Labor

• Goals of the Knights of Labor included an 8-hour workday, equal pay for equal work, child labor laws, safety and sanitary codes, federal income tax, and more.

Homestead Steel Strike

• Workers protested wage cut, refusal to form a union

• Factory manager Henry Clay Frick locked out workers, hired replacements, and called in Pinkerton Detective force

Pullman Palace Car Factory Strike

• Workers faced wage cut, increased housing costs

• American Railway Union joined the strike, 250,000 railway workers walked off job, shutting down rail travel in 27 states

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

• Samuel Gompers, focused on bread and butter issues, higher wages and shorter workdays

• Excluded unskilled workers, confederation of trade unions

• Refused to accept immigrants, Black people, women among membership

Yellow Journalism

• Growth of newspaper industry with Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst

• Sensational reporting, yellow journalism became popular.

Turner's Frontier Thesis

• which argued that the frontier shaped the American character, spirit, democracy, and provided a safety valve for urban areas

The Homestead Act

• The Homestead Act: Signed in 1862, offering 160 acres of free land in the West to settlers who improved it within 5 years, encouraging westward expansion.

Morrill Land-Grant Act

Morrill Land-Grant Act: Passed in 1862, provided federal land to states for establishing agricultural and mechanical colleges, increasing accessibility to higher education.

U.S. Fish Commission

• was established to protect fish species, which led to the creation of National Parks and Forest Services.

How the other half lives

Jacob Riis

Cities

Munn v. Illinois

Munn v. Illinois (1877) upheld states' rights to regulate private businesses in the public interest under the 14th Amendment's Due Process Clause.

Interstate Commerce Act

• (ICC) to regulate railroad activities

Women’s sufferage

• Led by Susan B. Anthony

People's Party

• Call for silver coinage, government ownership of railroads and telegraphs, graduated income tax, direct election of senators, shorter workdays

McKinley Tariff (1890)

• raised duties on imported goods almost 50%

Wilson-Gorman Tariff (1894)

• resembled McKinley Tariff

• Tariff issue dominated congressional debate and had impact on foreign relations

US and Hawaii

• Search for port along trade route to Asia attracted U.S. to Hawaii

• American involvement began in 1870s with American sugar producers trading with Hawaiians

• Hawaii economy collapsed in 1890s due to U.S. tariffs and dependence on trade with U.S.

• White minority overthrew native government, U.S. annexed Hawaii, angering Japan (40% of Hawaii's residents were Japanese descent)

Platt Amendment

The Platt Amendment restricted Cuba's sovereignty, allowing US intervention in Cuban affairs to maintain independence, establish naval bases, and enforce law and order. Cuba essentially became a US protectorate, limiting its foreign policy independence.

Pendleton Civil Service Act

• the federal legislation that created a system in which federal employees were chosen based upon competitive exams.

• This made job positions based on merit or ability and not inheritance or class.

Social Gospel

• A reform movement led by Protestant ministers who used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor.

Wounded Knee

the last major armed conflict between the Lakota Sioux and the United States,

Dawes Severalty Act

• divided communal tribal land into lots to be owned by individual Native Americans.

• Once an individual owned land, he became an American citizen subject to state law and taxation.