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Biopsychosocial model

Integrates biological, psychological, and social factors in disorders.

Diathesis stress model

Explains disorder development through predisposition and stress.

Eclectic approach

Combines various therapeutic techniques for treatment.

Disordered definition

Behavior causing significant distress or impairment.

Diagnosis requirements

Symptoms must meet criteria in DSM or ICM.

DSM

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

ICM

International Classification of Diseases, includes mental disorders.

Positives of diagnosing

Facilitates treatment and understanding of disorders.

Negatives of diagnosing

Can lead to stigma and mislabeling.

Major depressive disorder symptoms

Persistent sadness, loss of interest, fatigue.

Persistent depressive disorder symptoms

Chronic low mood lasting at least two years.

Biological causes of MDD

Genetics and neurotransmitter imbalances contribute to depression.

Behavioral causes of MDD

Negative reinforcement and learned helplessness influence depression.

Cognitive causes of MDD

Negative thought patterns perpetuate depressive symptoms.

Sociocultural explanation of MDD

Cultural factors and social support impact depression.

Bipolar disorder features

Mood swings between mania and depression.

Type I bipolar disorder

Includes manic episodes, may have depressive episodes.

Type II bipolar disorder

Includes hypomanic and depressive episodes only.

Schizophrenia symptoms

Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, negative symptoms.

Hallucinations

Sensory experiences without external stimuli present.

Delusions

Strongly held false beliefs despite contrary evidence.

Word salad

Incoherent speech with random words and phrases.

Catatonia

Severe motor disturbance; includes stupor or excitement.

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Excessive behaviors like hallucinations and delusions.

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Lack of normal emotional responses or motivation.

Acute schizophrenia

Sudden onset of symptoms, often reversible.

Chronic schizophrenia

Long-term, persistent symptoms affecting daily functioning.

Anxiety disorder features

Excessive fear or worry impacting daily life.

Panic disorder symptoms

Recurrent panic attacks, intense fear, physical symptoms.

Agoraphobia

Fear of situations where escape may be difficult.

Culture bound disorder

Mental health issues specific to certain cultures.

Ataque de nervios

Cultural syndrome associated with Latin American communities.

Social anxiety disorder symptoms

Fear of social situations, avoidance behavior.

Taijin kyofusho

Cultural syndrome in Japan, fear of offending others.

Generalized anxiety disorder symptoms

Chronic worry, restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating.

Behavioral explanation of anxiety

Learned responses to perceived threats or stressors.

Biological explanation of anxiety

Genetics, brain chemistry, and evolutionary factors involved.

Cognitive explanation of anxiety

Negative thought patterns contribute to anxiety disorders.

Dissociative disorders features

Disruption of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception.

Dissociative amnesia symptoms

Inability to recall important personal information.

Fugue

Sudden travel away from home, loss of identity.

DID symptoms

Presence of two or more distinct identities.

Causes of dissociative disorders

Trauma, stress, and coping mechanisms contribute.

Neurodevelopmental disorders features

Affect development, learning, and behavior.

ADHD symptoms

Inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity affecting daily functioning.

Causes of ADHD

Genetic, environmental, and neurological factors involved.

Autism symptoms

Social communication challenges, repetitive behaviors.

Causes of autism

Genetic and environmental influences on development.

OCD symptoms

Obsessions and compulsions causing distress.

Compulsions vs. obsessions

Compulsions are behaviors; obsessions are intrusive thoughts.

Hoarding

Persistent difficulty discarding possessions, leading to clutter.

Biological causes of OCD

Neurotransmitter imbalances, particularly serotonin.

Cognitive explanation of OCD

Maladaptive beliefs and thought patterns drive compulsions.

Eating disorders features

Distorted body image and unhealthy eating behaviors.

Anorexia nervosa symptoms

Extreme weight loss, fear of gaining weight.

Bulimia nervosa symptoms

Binge eating followed by purging behaviors.

Biological explanations of eating disorders

Genetics and neurobiological factors contribute.

Sociocultural explanations of eating disorders

Cultural pressures influence body image and eating.

Cognitive and behavioral explanations

Thought patterns and behaviors reinforce disordered eating.

PTSD symptoms

Re-experiencing trauma, avoidance, hyperarousal.

Causes of PTSD

Exposure to traumatic events triggers symptoms.

Personality disorders features

Enduring patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience.

Clusters of personality disorders

Divided into three clusters: A, B, C.

Symptoms of paranoid personality disorder

Distrust and suspicion of others.

Symptoms of borderline personality disorder

Instability in relationships, self-image, and emotions.

Biological causes of personality disorders

Genetic predispositions and brain structure abnormalities.

Sociocultural causes of personality disorders

Cultural factors influence personality development.

Behavioral causes of personality disorders

Learned behaviors from environment and experiences.

Evidence based treatment

Therapies supported by research and clinical evidence.

Ethical principles of therapy

Beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, justice in practice.

Deinstitutionalization

Movement to treat patients outside of institutions.

Decentralized approach

Distributing mental health services across communities.

Psychodynamic approach

Focuses on unconscious processes and childhood experiences.

Free association

Patient speaks freely to uncover unconscious thoughts.

Dream interpretation

Analyzing dreams to understand unconscious desires.

Biological approach to therapy

Uses medications to treat mental health disorders.

Drug categories in therapy

Antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, mood stabilizers.

Tardive dyskinesia

Involuntary movements caused by long-term antipsychotic use.

Neurotransmitters targeted by drugs

Serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, GABA.

Psychosurgical techniques

Surgical interventions for severe mental disorders.

Lobotomy

Surgical procedure to sever connections in the brain.

Electroconvulsive therapy

Induces seizures to treat severe depression.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Non-invasive procedure using magnetic fields for treatment.

Cognitive triad

Negative views of self, world, and future.

Cognitive restructuring

Changing negative thought patterns to positive ones.

Behavioral approach to therapy

Applies learning principles to modify behavior.

Systematic desensitization

Gradual exposure to feared stimuli to reduce anxiety.

Aversion therapy

Associates unpleasant stimuli with unwanted behaviors.

Token economy

Rewards for desired behaviors to reinforce learning.

Biofeedback

Using monitoring devices to control physiological functions.

Dialectical behavioral therapy

Combines cognitive and behavioral techniques for emotion regulation.

Rational emotive therapy

Challenges irrational beliefs to change emotional responses.

Humanistic approach to therapy

Focuses on individual potential and self-actualization.

Person centered therapy

Therapist provides unconditional positive regard and empathy.

Active listening

Fully concentrating, understanding, responding to speaker.

Unconditional positive regard

Accepting and valuing a person without conditions.

Group therapy

Therapeutic sessions with multiple participants for support.

Hypnosis uses

Accessing subconscious, pain management, behavior modification.

Hypnosis limitations

Not effective for all conditions or individuals.