INTRODUCTION

• The number of people living on this planet has now increased to almost seven billion (7,000,000,000).

• More than 250 newborns are born every minute, but daily mortality rates average 150,000, resulting in an overall population that is growing at a rate of almost three humans every second.

• Each person has a human body, which contains the most intricate and wondrous of all their things, and uses it to live in and think with.

ANATOMY

• Human anatomy refers to the study of the structure of the body, including its cells, tissues, and organs, and how they are put together.

• Because the interior of the body is such a congested region, its components are frequently depicted separately for the sake of clarity.

• Both the tissues and the organs are rubbing up against one another.

• As we move, breathe, pump blood, and digest food, many components of our bodies are constantly being rearranged.

• For instance, food that is eaten does not just slide down the gullet and into the stomach; rather, it is pushed down by waves of muscle contraction as it travels through the digestive tract.

PHYSIOLOGY

• It is necessary to study human anatomy in conjunction with physiology, which is the study of how the body works, in order to have a complete comprehension of the human body.

• The study of atomic, ionic, and molecular levels of chemical activity are the primary objectives of physiology.

• It looks at the inner workings of processes such as the action of enzymes, the stimulation of hormones, the manufacture of DNA, and how the body stores and uses the energy that it gets from food.

• More and more of the body's physiological mysteries are being revealed as researchers probe more closely and discover more biochemical pathways.

• A significant portion of this research is directed at either the prevention or treatment of disease.

HEALTH AND ILLNESS

• Every year, the field of medical science amasses mountains of evidence regarding the best strategies to maintain one's health.

• At this point in time, a person's genetic inheritance, which is entirely dependent on chance, serves as the given beginning point for the process of preserving their health and well-being.

• In the coming years, treatments like preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), which is performed as part of assisted reproductive technologies like in-vitro fertilization (IVF), and gene therapy will be able to remove or negate some of these chance elements. PGD is performed as part of assisted reproductive technologies like IVF.

• A person's health is significantly influenced by a great number of characteristics of their upbringing, including issues such as their nutrition, which can either be excessively rich or inadequately impoverished.

• Infection by a virus or bacteria, injury, faulty genes inherited from one's parents, or exposure to chemicals in the environment are just few of the many potential causes of illness that can manifest in the human body.

IMAGING THE BODY

• Imaging is a vital part of diagnosing illness, understanding disease, and evaluationg treatments.

• The evolution of medicine that does not include direct patient contact was made feasible by the discovery of the X-ray.

• Without the ability to view what's going on inside the body, diagnosing many diseases and conditions requires substantial operation.

• The use of computerized imaging enables doctors to make early diagnosis, which frequently results in much improved odds of recovery.

• Raw data can be processed and improved with the use of computers, for as by reinterpreting the shades of gray seen in an X-ray or scan as different colors.

MICROSCOPY

• The picture can be magnified up to 2,000 times using a technique called light microscopy (LM), which involves shining light through a thin piece of a sample of material.

• Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which involves passing light over a specimen that has been coated with gold film, it is feasible to achieve even higher magnifications.

• The formation of a three-dimensional image is caused by the bouncing of electrons off the surface.

ANGIOGRAM

• A contrast media, which is seen here as being tinted red, has been injected into the arteries of the shoulder, neck, and lower head for the purpose of performing this kind of X-ray.

• The color of bones is white.

X-RAY

• X-rays are electromagnetic waves that have an extremely small wavelength compared to light waves.

• They leave shadow images on photographic film when they are transmitted through the human body.

• Dense materials, such bone, appear white, whereas soft tissues appear in various colors of gray.

• A contrast media is a material that absorbs X-rays and is used to display hollow or fluid-filled structures.

• These structures are filled with the contrast medium.

• For example, fluoroscopy can be used to evaluate swallowing by obtaining real-time moving images of different regions of the body using X-rays.

X-RAY OF THE BREAST

• A mammography, which is a simple X-ray of the female breast, is used as a standard screening test for breast cancer.

• Breast cancer can be identified on a mammogram as an abnormally white area.

MRI AND CT SCANNING

• In the process of computed tomography, sometimes known as CT, an X-ray scanner and a computer work together to construct images of cross-sections of tissues with varying densities.

• In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), atoms in the body are first aligned with the help of magnets, and then the atoms' positions are shifted with the assistance of radio waves.

• The atoms will produce signals as they realign, and these signals will be used to build an image.

NUCLEAR MEDICINE IMAGING

• In nuclear medicine imaging, a radioactive substance, known as a radionuclide, is injected into a patient, and the radioactive material is then absorbed by the target location.

• The image is created by a computer using the gamma rays that are emitted as the chemical breaks down and decays.

• Imaging techniques like this can be helpful in the diagnosis process for conditions like cancer and heart disease.

• Rather than providing precise anatomical information, nuclear medicine imaging studies such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) provide information about the function of a tissue.

ULTRASOUND

• A piece of equipment known as a transducer can send high-frequency sound waves into the body, where they will afterwards reverberate as electrical signals.

• The impulses are fed into a computer, which then processes them into images.

ENDOSCOPY

• Endoscopes can be either flexible or rigid tubes that are put into the body in order to perform surgical procedures, see the interior of the body, or both.

• They are equipped with a light source, and one can use them to transport instruments.

ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY

• The electrical activity of muscles and nerves is detected by sensor pads placed on the skin. A trace line representing the signals is displayed.